We discuss the conformations of linear polyions assuming that a) the corresponding uncharged chain is flexible ; b) electrostatic forces dominate the monomer-monomer interactions; c) no salt is added. 1) For the dilute case (non overlapping chains) correcting a recent self-consistent calculation by Richmond [1a], we find an overall polyion size R = Nd which is a linear function of the polymerization index N in agreement with the early work of Hermans and Overbeek, [1b], Kuhn, Kunzle, and Katchalsky [1c]. 2) There is a range of very low concentration c (c** < c < c*) where the chains do not overlap (c < c*) but where the electrostatic interactions between polyions are much larger than thermal energies ( c > c**) : here we expect that the polyions build up a 3-dimensional periodic lattice ; however, the detection of such an extremely dilute lattice appears difficult. 3) Practically all experiments on salt-free polyelectrolytes have been performed at concentrations c > c* where different chains overlap each other. To discuss this regime we restrict our attention to cases where the charge per unit length is near (or above) the condensation threshold : then a single length ξ( c) characterizes the correlation; in 3 dimensions ξ scales like the Debye radius associated with the counter ions. We consider several possible conformations : a) hexagonal lattice of rigid rods ; b) cubic lattice of rigid rods ; c) isotropic phase of partially flexible chains. The various rigid rod structures appear to have very similar electrostatic energies. This suggests that the isotropic phase might possibly be the most favorable. We analyse this latter phase using the same scaling methods which have recently been helpful for neutral polymer solutions (2). In the isotropic model each chain behaves like a succession of segments of size. Inside one segment electrostatic effects are important and similar to case (1) above. Between segments the interactions are screened out, and tach chain is ideal on a large scale, with radius R (c) ∼ c-1/4 N1/2 . If we (tentatively) assume that the dynamical effects of entanglements are weak, we are than led to a viscosity ηsp/c ∼ Nc-1/2
The BABAR Collaboration BABAR, the detector for the SLAC PEP-II asymmetric e + e − B Factory operating at the Υ (4S) resonance, was designed to allow comprehensive studies of CP -violation in B-meson decays. Charged particle tracks are measured in a multi-layer silicon vertex tracker surrounded by a cylindrical wire drift chamber. Electromagnetic showers from electrons and photons are detected in an array of CsI crystals located just inside the solenoidal coil of a superconducting magnet. Muons and neutral hadrons are identified by arrays of resistive plate chambers inserted into gaps in the steel flux return of the magnet. Charged hadrons are identified by dE/dx measurements in the tracking detectors and in a ring-imaging Cherenkov detector surrounding the drift chamber. The trigger, data acquisition and data-monitoring systems , VME-and network-based, are controlled by custom-designed online software. Details of the layout and performance of the detector components and their associated electronics and software are presented.
Reçu le 22 avril 1975, accepté le 20 juin 1975) Résumé. 2014 Les globules rouges placés dans des conditions physiologiques normales présentent un phénomène remarquable de scintillement. On a étudié expérimentalement les fonctions de corrélation G(R12, 03C9) pour les intensités de scintillement mesurées en deux points r1 r2 de la surface de la cellule, à diverses fréquences de filtrage 03C9. On trouve que la forme de G est universelle et que la portée des corrélations ne fait intervenir qu'une longueur caractéristique 03BB(03C9) variant comme 03C9-n, où 0,12 n 0,19. Les mesures de G(0, 03C9) (c'est-à-dire en un seul point) montrent une dépendance en 03C9-m, avec 1,3 m 1,45. Ces résultats sont ensuite interprétés théoriquement en terme de fluctuations thermiques de l'épaisseur de la cellule. Dans des conditions physiologiques, la tension de surface de la membrane est nulle et la résistance à la déformation est due seulement à une énergie de courbure. On montre que : a) les fluctuations ont une grande amplitude (une fraction de micron), ce qui est effectivement observé ; b) la forme détaillée des corrélations est en très bon accord avec la théorie ; c) la longueur de cohérence 03BB(03C9) doit varier comme 03C9-1/6 ; d) le spectre en un point G(0, 03C9) doit varier comme 03C9-4/3. Dans notre interprétation on a négligé les effets non linéaires dus à la tension de surface et à l'élasticité de type caoutchouc proposé par Evans. On montre que l'inclusion de ces termes non linéaires nous conduit à un problème semblable au point critique d'un système magnétique (spécial) à deux dimensions. Notre approximation (équivalente à une théorie de champ moyen) ignore essentiellement la correction de l'exposant ~ introduit par Fisher pour les transitions de phase. Les résultats expérimentaux sont en faveur d'un exposant ~ très petit.On conclut qu'une interprétation purement physique du phénomène de scintillement est suffisante, mais que des conditions physiologiques très strictes sont nécessaires pour maintenir la tension de surface nulle.
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