Twelve (12) lactating dairy goats (46-71 kg body wt at study initiation) were divided into four treatment groups and dosed with ceftiofur sodium at 1.1 mg ceftiofur free acid equivalents (CFAE)/kg or 2.2 CFAE/kg using a complete two route (intravenous, i.v.; intramuscular, i.m.), two-period crossover design, with a 2-week washout between injections. After another 2-week washout period, the goats were dosed with ceftiofur sodium i.m. for 5 consecutive days at either 1.1 or 2.2 mg CFAE/kg. The goats from the 2.2 mg/kg multiple dose group were dried off and the i.v. kinetic study repeated. After all injections, blood samples were obtained serially for determination of combined serum concentrations of ceftiofur and metabolites. After intravenous doses of 1.1 and 2.2 mg/kg, the harmonic means of the terminal phase half-lives were 171.8 and 233 min, respectively, for lactating does. The harmonic mean of the terminal phase half-life after an i.v. dose of 2.2 mg/kg in non-lactating does was 254 min. The AUC0-infinity was significantly less and the clearance significantly greater during lactation. After i.m. doses of 1.1 and 2.2 mg/kg, the harmonic mean terminal phase half-lives were 163 and 156 min, respectively. The i.m. bioavailability of ceftiofur sodium in goats was 100%, and the AUC0-infinity was dose-proportional from 1.1-2.2 mg CFAE/kg body weight. After five daily i.m. doses of ceftiofur sodium at either 1.1 or 2.2 mg CFAE, there was minimal accumulation of drug in serum as assessed by Cmax, and serum concentrations were dose-proportional after the multiple dosing regimen.

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BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Congenital heart disease is a leading cause of neurocognitive impairment. Many subcortical structures are known to play a crucial role in higher-order cognitive processing. However, comprehensive anatomic characterization of these structures is currently lacking in the congenital heart disease population. Therefore, this study aimed to compare the morphometry and volume of the globus pallidus, striatum, and thalamus between youth born with congenital heart disease and healthy peers. MATERIALS AND METHODS:We recruited youth between 16 and 24 years of age born with congenital heart disease who underwent cardiopulmonary bypass surgery before 2 years of age (n ¼ 48) and healthy controls of the same age (n ¼ 48). All participants underwent a brain MR imaging to acquire high-resolution 3D T1-weighted images.RESULTS: Smaller surface area and inward bilateral displacement across the lateral surfaces of the globus pallidus were concentrated anteriorly in the congenital heart disease group compared with controls (q , 0.15). On the lateral surfaces of bilateral thalami, we found regions of both larger and smaller surface areas, as well as inward and outward displacement in the congenital heart disease group compared with controls (q , 0.15). We did not find any morphometric differences between groups for the striatum. For the volumetric analyses, only the right globus pallidus showed a significant volume reduction (q , 0.05) in the congenital heart disease group compared with controls. CONCLUSIONS:This study reports morphometric alterations in youth with congenital heart disease in the absence of volume reductions, suggesting that volume alone is not sufficient to detect and explain subtle neuroanatomic differences in this clinical population.ABBREVIATION: CHD ¼ congenital heart disease C ongenital heart disease (CHD) is a leading cause of neurodevelopmental impairment. 1 A variety of motor delays, language disorders, behavioral problems, and learning difficulties have been described in children and adolescents with CHD. 2,3 Adults and senior citizens with CHD are also at a greater risk for neurocognitive challenges and early cognitive decline. 4 Brain