20 21Near-future exploration of the Moon will likely be conducted with human-operated robotic assets. 22Previous studies have identified the Schrödinger basin, situated on the far side of the Moon, as a prime 23 target for lunar science and exploration where a significant number of the scientific concepts reviewed 24 by the National Research Council (NRC, 2007) can be addressed. In this study, two robotic mission 25 traverses within Schrödinger basin are proposed based on a 3 year mission plan in support of the 26 HERACLES human-assisted sample return mission concept. A comprehensive set of modern remote 27 sensing data (LROC imagery, LOLA topography, M 3 and Clementine spectral data) has been 28 integrated to provide high-resolution coverage of the traverses and to facilitate identification of 29 specific sample localities. We also present a preliminary Concept of Operations (ConOps) study based on 30 a set of notional rover capabilities and instrumental payload. An extended robotic mission to 31 Schrödinger basin will allow for significant sample return opportunities from multiple distinct geologic 32 terrains and will address multiple high-priority NRC (2007) scientific objectives. Both traverses will offer 33 the first opportunity to (i) sample pyroclastic material from the lunar farside, (ii) sample Schrödinger 34 impact melt and test the lunar cataclysm hypothesis, (iii) sample deep crustal lithologies in an uplifted 35 peak ring and test the lunar magma ocean hypothesis and (iv) explore the top of an impact melt sheet, 36 enhancing our ability to interpret Apollo samples. The shorter traverse will provide the first opportunity 37 to sample farside mare deposits, whereas the longer traverse has significant potential to collect SPA 38 impact melt, which can be used to constrain the basin-forming epoch. 39 40

On the 50th anniversary since humans first set foot on the Moon, John Pernet-Fisher, Francesca McDonald, Ryan Zeigler and Katherine Joy take a look back at the legacies of the Apollo programme.

<p><strong>Introduction:</strong>  Apollo planned for the future, retaining a suite of specially curated pristine samples. One of these samples is an Apollo 17 double drive-tube core (73001/73002) [1], which samples down to 70 cm below the lunar surface within the ‘light mantle’ unit in the Taurus Littrow Valley (TLV) [2]. Models estimate a low temperature of ~250 K [3] at this depth, conducive for cold-trapping of volatiles. The lower core segment (73001) has been kept within a Core Sample Vacuum Container (CSVC) since 1972 when it was sealed under vacuum at the surface of the Moon [4]. On Earth, CSVC 73001 was sealed in a secondary outer vacuum container (OVC) at a pressure of ~6×10<sup>-2 </sup>mbar [5]. One of the science goals for Apollo 17 was to target samples that may have trapped gases released from the lunar interior via the Lee-Lincoln fault [1]. The vacuum sealed CSVC 73001 presents a prime opportunity to investigate for such gases. Here we present the preparation and execution of a unique gas extraction event of CSVC 73001, as part of the Apollo Next Generation Sample Analyses (ANGSA) Program. This activity was led by an ANGSA subteam including the European Space Agency (ESA), Washington University St Louis (WUStL), JSC Apollo Sample Curation Facility and University of New Mexico (UNM).</p> <p><strong>Gas Extraction Set-Up & Challenges: </strong>A gas extraction set-up was created composed of two main hardware components: a piercing tool, designed and built by ESA, which interfaces with an ultra-high vacuum (UHV, order of pressure, ×10<sup>-9</sup> mbar) gas extraction manifold developed and built by WUStL [6]. Technical and scientific challenges for the hardware design include: preserving the pristinity of the regolith and sample gases, avoiding contamination, preventing isotopic fractionation, capability to operate under UHV; accounting for limitations of dexterity when working within a dry N<sub>2</sub> glovebox, and delivering on precision piercing of the CSVC stainless steel base without piercing the Teflon cap of the sample holder within.</p> <p><strong>Design and Manufacture:</strong> Following a hardware literature review [e.g., 4,7], an ‘agile’ iterative design approach was undertaken. This included: deriving a set of design requirements based on science, curation and technical needs; experimentally deriving the required piercing force and piercing tip dimension; iterative breadboarding; and regular consultation with ANGSA team members. The piercing tool was machined and manufactured at ESA and the extraction manifold built and calibrated at WUStL. Mechanical testing of the piercing tool under ambient conditions aided operational refinement and piercing tip calibration. Subsequent extensive testing under UHV demonstrated efficient, repeatable use of the piercing tool in meeting the objectives and identified challenges and requirements. The tested hardware underwent stringent cleaning and baking (heated in a vacuum oven at 180ºC for 72 hours) prior to being installed at JSC.</p> <p><strong>Outer Vacuum Container Gas Extraction:</strong>  The OVC containing the CSVC and constituent sample was interfaced directly with the gas extraction manifold and a ‘blank’ sample of the background collected under UHV (order of ×10<sup>-9</sup> mbar). A 100 cc ‘test’ aliquot and two gas samples were sequentially collected of the OVC gas, each for a duration of 15 minutes. The OVC gas could be important, if the CSVC may have leaked over the past 50 years. Initial (uncalibrated for system volume) pressures of the OVC sample (order of ×10<sup>-2</sup> mbar) are consistent with that of the OVC when it was originally sealed.</p> <p><strong>Piercing the CSVC:</strong>  The CSVC was extracted from the OVC and rendered XCT images showed the most challenging scenario of the sample holder with the Teflon cap in direct contact with the CSVC base. The CSVC was transferred to the piercing tool and interfaced with the gas extraction manifold (Fig.1). Extensive He-leak testing indicated no atmospheric leaks. Monitoring of pressures and RGA spectra (using a quadrupole mass spectrometer) indicated that the CSVC may be leaking. The manifold was isolated with the system pressure at 8.7×10<sup>-9</sup> mbar and the piercing commenced. A satisfying ‘pop’ marked successful piercing of the CSVC base. Test aliquots (100 cc); two ‘short’ 15 minute duration samples (uncalibrated pressure, ~6 mbar) and ‘long’ extraction (~1-2 week duration) samples were collected.<strong> </strong>Pressures and RGA spectra were monitored throughout from which a set of hypotheses on how well the OVC and the CSVC have performed have been made and will be tested as part of laboratory analyses of the gas. Analyses include determining general gas composition (Z. Sharp at UNM) and noble gas isotope ratios (R. Parai at WUStL). In particular, <sup>20</sup>Ne/<sup>22</sup>Ne and <sup>128</sup>Xe/<sup>130</sup>Xe can assess for presence of lunar gas [8].</p> <p><strong>Findings and Lessons Learned:</strong> The full performance of the piercing tool and CSVC is still to be fully assessed. First XCT and optical images of the CSVC base indicate a high-level of tool performance in terms of not having pierced the Teflon cap and producing an adequate size of hole. A baseline set of requirements and sequence of events have been demonstrated for a gas extraction procedure, which is informing a new generation of (volatile-rich) sample return missions (e.g., Artemis; Mars Sample Return). Synthesis of the CSVC performance will also inform development of easy to use containers with longer lasting, contaminant-free seals.</p> <p>Other lessons learned include recommendations to: produce physical duplicates and digital twins of flight hardware; further research into hardware degradation during flight and with time; ensure early definition of mission goals and consultation with science teams and curators (critical for providing clear driving requirements for hardware development); include flexibility in sample container designs and interfaces that account for the entire return sample life-time needs and not just at point of collection.</p> <p><img src="" alt="" /></p> <p>Figure 1: Gas extraction setup composed of an UHV manifold and piercing tool.</p> <p><strong>References:</strong> [1]  Meyer C. (2011) Lunar Sample Compendium. [2] Schmitt et al. (2017) <em>Icarus, </em>298, 2-33. [3] Keimh S.J. and Langseth M.G. (1973) <em>Proc. 4<sup>th</sup> Lunar Sci. Conf. </em>2503-2513. [4]  Allton J.A. (1989) <em>JSC23454</em>, NASA. [5] Butler P. (1973) <em>Lunar Sample Info. Catalog</em>, NASA JSC. [6] Parai. R et al. (2021) <em>LPSC LII, </em>Abs #2665. [7] NASA JSC (1971) <em>CSVC Technical Drawing</em>, M-11306. [8] Curran, N.M. et al. (2020) <em>PSS</em>, 182, 104823.</p>

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