The present paper aims to illustrate the influence of the main factors which affect the selection and installation of an SPD for the protection of electrical and electronic systems against overcurrent and overvoltage due to direct lightning flash to a structure. The two most typical SPDs are considered, namely switching and limiting type. Simple rules are established for the selection of effective SPD with regard to the discharge current, its protection level and location. © 2012 IEEE

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In order to assess the risk of electric shock during a surgical procedure, it's important to know the insulation paths and the values of the insulation impedances of Medical Electrical (ME) equipment and then to draw "leakage circuits" and monitor the intensity of "leakage currents".The aim of this work is to propose a circuit based model of a ME equipment to simulate the leakage currents measured during electrical safety tests. The setup of these measures are described in the standard EN 60601-1, which also describes the insulations composing a ME equipment and where they are placed. While the standard EN 62353 describes the insulation resistances should be measured. This information is the references for the model development which is subsequently implemented with the circuit simulation software National Instruments Multisim. The application of the circuit model allows the simulation of an earth leakage current, touch current and patient leakage current similar to real equipment, both in normal and in single fault conditions. The values of the electrical parameters of the model from a measurement report of a commercial defibrillator are assigned. The results of circuit model leakage currents are compared with the measurement data. The output of this comparison may be considered quite satisfactory. In this paper the extension of the model to other ME equipment is also discussed in view of the assessment of the risk of electrical shock during a surgical procedure.

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