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SummaryThe biosynthetic pathways leading to the major groups of secondary metabolites isolated from the Zanthoxylum/Fagara complex are reviewed and there is shown to be a common precursor in chorismic acid. The use of the compounds as chemotaxonomic markers is discussed and they are found to support the concept of a direct link between the Rutaceae and ranalian stock. The potential value of the secondary metabolites in chemosystematic analysis within the family is also briefly discussed.The alkaloids, coumarins, flavanoids and lignans of the taxa Zanthoxylum and Fagara are examined in detail and the distribution found to support authorities who have expressed the view that these taxa are congeneric (Zanthoxylum s.l.). The chemosystematics of Zanthoxylum s.l. indicates that the genus is primitive within the family. The secondary metabolites of Zanthoxylum s.l. are used to construct a putative phylogeny of the genus and its possible "key" position in the evolution of the family is speculated upon. It is noted that the Englerian classification of Zanthoxylum s.l., and of the Rutaceae in general, appears to be unsatisfactory. Family Sub-Family Tribe Rutaceae Rutoideae Zanthoxyleae Ruteae Boronieae Diosmeae Cusparieae Dictyolomatoideae Flindersioideae Spathelioideae Toddalioideae Aurantioideae (Citroideae) Rhabdodendroideae Fig. i. Major subdivisions of the family Rutaceae (after Engler 1964).the correct name is Zanthoxylum L. Those separating the tropical genus with two perianth whorls must use Fagara L. (nomen conservandum) whilst retaining Zanthoxylum L. for the taxa with one perianth whorl.'Morphologically and anatomically the argument for or against sinking Fagara rests on whether the simple perianth of Zanthoxylum is considered to be primitive or to have evolved by reduction from the double perianth of Fagara. After initial indecision, (Engler I896) favoured the primitive concept, an argument that has been supported by Reeder and Cheo (i95 i). However, Moore (1936) in a discussion on the floral anatomy of the Rutaceae, suggested that the simple perianth of Zanthoxylum (sensu stricto) was probably the result of reduction, a concept that has received support (Rehder 1945). The occurrence, in Mexico and Central America, of taxa in which the perianth structure was transitional between Fagara and Zanthoxylum, led Brizicky (1962) also to the conclusion that the simple perianth of Zanthoxylum was most likely a secondary condition derived from Fagara by abortion of some or all of the sepals. Accordingly, he considered that it was best to treat Fagara as a sub...
Little information exists on the metabolism, distribution and excretion of cocaine in persons dependent upon it. We now present results showing the proportions of cocaine excreted unchanged and as its metabolite benzoylecgonine.
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