Objective: The purpose of this study is to determine the prevalence of hypoglycemia and its increased risk of morbidity and mortality in preterm newborns. Study Design: Cross-sectional Place and Duration: Study was conducted at Children Medical Center (CMC) / Dr Habib un Nabi Children Hospital Airport Road Mingora Swat and Memon Medical Institute Karachi for duration of six months from January 2021 to June 2021. Methods: Total 120 preterm neonates had symptomatic and asymptomatic hypoglycemia was presented in this study. Detailed demographics included sex, birth weight and gestational age were recorded after taking informed written consent from the authorities. Blood sample was taken from all neonates for laboratory test. Blood glucose <40mg/dl were calculated as hypoglycemia. Frequency of hypoglycemia and its risk factors with symptoms were calculated in this study. SPSS 22.0 version was used to analyze all data. Results: Majority of the infants were males 75 (62.5%) and 45 (37.5%) were females. Mean gestational age was 32.3+6.37 weeks. Mean birth weight of the infants was 2.04±3.43 kg with mean age 4.5+3.73 days. Out of 120 cases, 88 (73.3%) neonates were born by C-section. Frequency of hypoglycemia was fund among 52 (43.3%) cases in which majority were males with symptomatic hypoglycemia in 40 (33.3%) neonates. Hypertension in mothers was the most common cause of hypoglycemia found in 27 (51.9%) cases. Breast feeding difficulty was the most common symptom in 43 (82.7%) cases followed by jitteriness in 32 (61.5%). Rate of mortality was 7 (13.5%). Conclusion: In this research we concluded that the prevalence of hypoglycemia was significantly higher in preterm neonates and maximum cases were reported in symptomatic neonates with higher number of males. For children, hypoglycemia is associated with a high mortality risk. If a child's blood sugar levels go dangerously low or if they've been fasting for an extended period of time, they should receive treatment. Keywords: Preterm Newborns, Hypoglycemia, Prevalence, Mortality, Symptoms

IntroductionThe cutaneous polymorphic eruption of pregnancy (PEP) is presented by skin lesions usually in the third trimester of gestation and about 13% of women also suffer from perinatal depression.ObjectiveTo determine the frequency of pruritic urticarial papules of gestation with and without perinatal depression.AimTo assess the maternal causes for polymorphic eruption of pregnancy (PEP) in patients with and without perinatal depression.MethodsCases and controls were matched on the grounds of maternal weight gain in gestation, hormonal changes, deficit in iron and zinc, dysregulation of hypothalamic pituitary axis, pre-maturity, pre-eclampsia, pre-term labour. Univariate and multivariate analysis, adjusting for important demographic factors and comorbodities was conducted to assess the relationship of PEP with and without perinatal depression in reduced and full models of ANOVA in regression analysis. (Reduced model Y = β0 + β1X1 + … and the full model Y = β0 + β1X1 + β2X2 + β3X3 + β4X4 + β5X5 + β6X6 + …)ResultsPolymorphic eruption of pregnancy with perinatal depression was statistically significant in maternal weight gain in gestation [odds ratio (OR) 1.20; 95% (CI): 1.15–1.30], hormonal changes [(OR) 2.78; 95% (CI): 2.52–2.82], deficit in iron and zinc [(OR) 2.18; 95% (CI): 2.04–2.38], dysregulation of hypothalamic pituitary axis [(OR) 1.37; 95% (CI): 1.18–1.49] and was not statistically significant in pre-maturity, pre-eclampsia and pre-term labour in cases and controls.ConclusionPruritic urticarial papules and plaques of gestation are commonly associated in patients with perinatal derpession.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

IntroductionEven though the association between dermatological conditions in pregnancy with psychiatric findings is vital for patient management, studies on these issues are limited.ObjectiveTo determine the frequency and nature of dermatological problems in pregnant women having primary psychiatric illness.AimTo establish an association between cutaneous manifestations in pregnancy with the hypothesis that psychiatric illness also has a role in pregnancy.MethodsThis was a case control study and non probability convenient sampling was used on 50 pregnant patients with cutaneous manifestations along with psychiatric illness and 50 age matched non pregnant patients free from dermatological conditions and psychiatric illness. The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM IV) Criteria was used to diagnose psychiatric illness and for skin manifestations patients underwent a physical examination of skin.ResultsPregnant patients with depressive disorders were associated with atopic eruption of pregnancy [odds ratio (OR) 1.19; 95% (CI): 1.13–1.49], pruritic urticarial papules [(OR) 2.89; 95% (CI): 2.55–2.97], plaques of pregnancy [(OR) 2.14; 95% (CI): 2.01–2.39], prurigo of pregnancy [(OR) 1.33; 95% (CI): 1.17–1.45], intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy [(OR) 2.45; 95% (CI): 2.29–2.67], pemphigoid gestationis [(OR) 1.57; 95% (CI): 1.50–1.68], impetigo herpetiformis [(OR) 1.83; 95% (CI): 1.65–2.24], and pruritic folliculitis of pregnancy [(OR) 2.34; 95% (CI): 2.20–3.62], psoriasis [(OR) 1.75; 95% (CI): 1.64–2.37], melasma [(OR) 1.88; 95% (CI): 1.63–2.49], intrahepatic cholestasis [(OR) 2.77; 95% (CI): 2.14–3.48].ConclusionThe results of the study support the hypothesis, that there is an association between psychiatric and skin diseases in pregnancy.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.