Background:Shiga toxins (Stxs, also referred to as verotoxins) are a family of bacterial protein toxins generated by Stx producing-Escherichia coli (STEC), such as E. coli serotype O157:H7.Objectives:The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of recombinant and native Shiga toxin (Stx) in induction of pro- and anti-apoptosis factors and stimulation of immune response to HeLa and THP-1 cells.Materials and Methods:The HeLa and THP-1 cells were used to study the effect of native and recombinant Shiga toxin. For this purpose, 106 cells were cultured overnight in six-well plates and different concentrations of Stx were added to each well. The cells were then collected after 24 hours of incubation. Total RNA and protein was extracted. Firstly, the total RNA was used in reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) for detection of interleukin (IL)-1α, IL-1β, IL-8, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, B-cell lymphoma (Bcl)-2 and Bcl-xl transcript. Protein expression of pro- and anti-apoptotic factors was also confirmed by western blot analysis.Results:The IL-1α and IL-8 were increased by recombinant and native Stx. Interleukin-1β was detected in THP-1, while TNF-α was detected HeLa cells. Furthermore, Bcl-2 and Bcl-xl expression was observed in HeLa cells. However, expression of Bak was reduced by recombinant Stx and native toxin at the protein level, while Bcl-xl expression was increased.Conclusions:These results suggest that toxins induce inflammatory responses, particularly through expression of chemokine. Recombinant Stx and native toxin induced apoptosis by balancing between different pro- and anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 family-factors in epithelial cells. In this study, for the first time, recombinant and native Stx induction of apoptotic factors and stimulation of immune response to HeLa and THP-1 cells were compared.

sor porcine intestinal adenomatosis(PIA). L. intracellularis was spreads all over the world and that the microbes were infected with pigs of a lot of farms have been reported. The characteristic pathological lesion of PIA is well known, but the pathogenesis mechanism is not clear. In this study, the localization of L. intracellularis and the mucosal lesions were investigated on the intestine with onset or healthy pigs.Methods: The histopathological examination of the intestines of the 25 poor-growth piglets and 67 healthy pigs at the meat inspection station were examined by Hematoxylin-Eosin staining, Warthin-Starry(WS) staining and immunohistochemical(IHC) method used the anti-L. intracellularis antibody. In addition, it was examined detection of a specific gene of L. intracellularis by PCR method about an intestinal frozen-, a formalin-and a paraffinspecimen.Results: In necropsy, no thickened intestinal wall was found in 25 poor-growth piglets, however, in two of them, the typical PIA histological lesions were found in from the jejunum to the rectum. These cases were diagnosed as atypical PIA. In addition, in the other two of them, an islandshaped micro-PIA lesion was distributed in the intestinal mucosa. The comma-shaped small bacteria were observed by WS staining, and the antigens of L. intracellularis were detected with IHC methods in the enterocytes of the microadenomatous lesions. The antigen of L. intracellularis was also detected in the intact superficial enterocytes. In 67 healthy pigs, the thickened intestinal wall was not found macroscopically. However, the focal adenomatous lesions with clear boundaries were observed to three pigs in them. A specific gene of L. intracellularis was detected by PCR method in the intestinal frozen-, the formalin-and the paraffin-specimen.Conclusion: In this study, it was confirmed that there was atypical PIA, and the islandshaped or the focal adenomatous lesions were also distributed in a normal intestine macroscopically. The microlesions was suggested on the stage of an early infection or the subclinical infection with L. intracellularis.

e11013th International Congress on Infectious Diseases Abstracts, Poster Presentations by disc diffusion to determine their susceptibility profile for six commonly used antibiotics.Results and Discussion: High resistance levels were detected for most commonly used drugs like tetracycline (75.9%) and clotrimazole (72.4%). Resistance to less commonly use antibiotics in poultry also recorded significant resistance as follows; ampicillin (39%), chloramphenicol (13.2%) and ciprofloxacin (19%). One hundred and seventeen isolates showed resistance to two and more antibiotics. Multi-drug resistance and different farm management "treatments" was statistically significant (p ≤ 0.001). The E. coli isolates showed twenty one different resistant patterns with tetracycline/clotrimoxazole being the most common. Sixty samples were analyzed for virulence related genes using multiplex PCR. Seven virulence related genes were investigated but only ten isolates were positive for verotoxin.Serotype O111,O6,O126,and O78 werepositive for verotoxin,andO126 and O111 were positive forintimin. There was no significant relation between virulence and multi-drug resistance (p ≤ 0.05).The present study highlights the presence of multi-drug resistant E.coli among healthy broilers chicken in Nairobi, Kenya. The source of antibiotic resistance in the broilers is discussed.