The current study was carried out to investigate the effects of short-term thermal manipulation during late embryogenesis on hatchability, chick quality, secondary sex ratio, and some blood biochemical parameters at hatch and after thermal challenge at 60 days of age. A total number of 1200 suitable hatching eggs were taken from Mamoura strain laying hens, Eggs were randomly divided into equal 4 treated groups(300 eggs each) each treatment were replicated three times (100 eggs each). All eggs were incubated at a constant temperature of 37.5ºC and 55% relative humidity (RH) throughout the incubation period until the end of 15 days, then the second, third and fourth groups were exposed to thermal manipulation (TM) treatment (39ºC and 65% RH) during the 16 th to 18 th days of incubation for 2, 3 and 4 hours per day, respectively, while the first group used as a control (without exposing to heat treatment). After hatching 225 one-day unsexed chicks from each treatment were taken(as same treatments in the hatchery). Chicks of end treatment were divided into 3 equal replicates (75 chicks each) .and separated reared for 60 days of age. After 60 days of hatch, challenge test (CT) was occurred by raising room temperature into 39 ºC and 65% humidity for 2 hours. Results indicated that thermal manipulation (TM) during late embryogenesis had no significant effect on hatchability traits and embryonic mortality percentages. Male ratio was significantly higher for chickens hatched from the group exposed to TM (39. ºC and 65% RH) for 4 h/d during the 16 th to 18 th days of incubation period. Chick length was significantly(p<0.05) increased for the group exposed to TM for 4 h/d during late embryogenesis, while tibia length was significantly lowered for the same group compared to all treated and control groups. Body weight and body weight gain were significantly(p<0.05) higher for chicks hatched from the group exposed to TM for 3 and 4 h/d as compared to2,3h/TM treated groups and the control group during the period from 30 to 60 days of age. There was no significant differences in body temperature in all TM treated groups and control but chick body temperature at 2 months of age was higher than post hatched chicks. Feed intake was not significantly affected by TM treatment but feed conversion was significantly improved in groups exposed to TM for 3 and 4 h compared to the control and 2h TM treated groups during the period from 30 to 60 days of age. Thermal manipulations during late embryogenesis resulted in significant (p<0.05) decreases in plasma total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol than the control at hatch, while , at 60 days of age , the least plasma cholesterol, and HDL values were recorded for 4 h TM /d during late embryogenesis. In addit the lowest concentration of plasma LDL was exhibited by birds 2h TM /hr 60 days age. T3 at hatch and 60 days of age (after CT) and plasma T4 at hatch were significantly decreased due to TM for 4 h/d, While, plasma Triglyceride was significantly decreased due to TM for 4 h/d at 60 days of a...

The aim of this study to evaluate the effect of β-mannanase. Lysolecithin and Probiotic on some reproductive performance and hormone profile in female quail. Six hundred one day-old quail birds were randomly divided to four treatments (60 birds/treatment) with 3 replicates for each group treatment (20 birds / replicate) and at three duration periods. The first period 1-7 weeks, second period 7-13 weeks, third period 1-13 weeks. The group of study were control was fed on a standard ration. the second, third and fourth treatments were given β-mannanase. Lysolecithin. probiotic 0.5 g /kg ration respectively. Blood samples wear taken for blood serum analysis. including estimation of follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone. The results revealed that the treated groups showed a significant increase in relative weight of the ovary and oviduct compared with control group. β-mannanase and probiotic groups showed a significant increase in the oviduct length compared with the control and Lysolecithin groups. There was a significant increase in the numbers of growing and mature follicles and weight of large follicle in all treated groups compared with control group. The 3 rd period showed a significant increase in the relative weight of ovary. oviduct and numbers of growing follicles. while the 2 nd and 3 rd period showed a significant increase in the oviduct length. About the interaction between treatments and periods. the best result appeared in the ovarian relative weight in the 3 rd period for probiotic and β-mannanase. the 3 rd period of probiotic showed a significant increase in the oviduct relative weight and for the oviduct length at 2 ed and 3 rd period for probiotic and β-mannanase. while 3 rd period of probiotic show best interaction in the numbers of growing follicles, as 2 nd and 3 rd periods showed better increase in the mature follicle's numbers and for large follicle weight in 1 st and 2 nd period of probiotic. The result also showed a significant increase in the FSH and LH level in all treated groups compared with control group. The 2 nd and 3 rd period were better significantly in the level of FSH and LH. Probiotic at 2 nd and 3 rd period showed a significant interaction on the level of FSH. On the other hand, 2 nd and 3 rd period for the β-mannanase and probiotic showed a better significant in the LH level. In conclusion. β-mannanase. Lysolecithin and probiotic supplementation to quail ration improved the hormonal status and enhance reproduction.

The current study was designed to detect estrogen role in adult male rats by giving aromatase inhibitor (ltrozole 1 mg ̷ Kg. B. W) for 60 days orally to inhibit aromatase enzyme activity and to study the effect of giving source of estrogen flax seeds (25 g ̷ 100 g diet) and aqueous extract sage (1000mg ̷ Kg. B.W.) orally. The study showed that adult male rats treated with ltrozole resulted in a significant decrease in the weight of testes, prostate , percentage of live sperms , number of sperms , number of mounting , intromission, ejaculation and in the time period from mixing with females to the first mounting , intromission and ejaculation , the time period between mount and another, intromission and another, ejaculation and another, and significant increase in the percentages of dead as well as abnormal sperms. Flax seeds treatment significantly reduced percentage of live sperms, number of sperms, number of mounting , intromission, and ejaculation, and significantly increased percentage of dead sperms compared with control group. Sage extract treatment caused a significant decrease in number of sperms, number of mounting, intromission and ejaculation , as well as a significant increase in the time period from mixing of female to the first mounting, first intromission and first ejaculation compared with control. The results showed that administration of sage extract with letrozole showed a significant increase in testis weight, percentages of live sperms and number of sperms, and asignificant decrease in dead and abnormal sperms compared with the letrozole group. Administration of flax seed with letrozole did not significantly change weight of the testis , prostate, percentage of live, dead , abnormal sperm and number of sperm compared with letrozole group. Administration of Flax seed and sage extracts to male rats treated with letrozole did not significantly change all the done tests of sex behavior. The study concluded that estrogen has an important role in the function of male reproductive system, which is shown through the negative effects of the aromatase inhibitor on the weights of the testis, prostate, live and dead and abnormal sperm, and sexual behavior. Sage extract, but not flax seed, has benefit effects on the defect induced by aromatase inhibitor letrozole both flax seed and sage do not produce positive effects on sexual behavior. * The different letters vertically are significantly different at (p≤0.05).

The study was designed to investigate estrogen effect on testis, accessory sex glands and sex hormones in male rats from weaning age at 21 days sage extract Salvia Officinalis diet) with diet till 90 days of age. Study groups include : Group one control. Group two treated with letrozole and caused a significant decrease in body and testis weights, sperm number (zero sperms), serum estrogen hormone and luteinizing hormone concentration, and significant increase in serum follicule stimulating hormone concentration. Group three treated with flaxseed and caused significant decrease in body and prostate weight, live sperm percentage, sperms number and significant increase in the dead sperm percentage and serum lutinizing hormone concentration. Group four treated with sage extract and caused significant decrease in the body and prostate weight, sperms number. Group five Treated with letrozole and flaxseed caused significant decrease in seminal vesicle weight, serum testosterone and follicular stimulating hormone concentration and significant increase in the sperms number, live sperm percentage. Sixth group treated with letrozole and sage extract and caused significant increase in sperms number and life sperm percentage, serum estrogen hormone concentration and significant decrease in serum testosterone hormone concentration. It was concluded that inhibition and reduction of estrogen hormone concentration in male rats by treatment with aromatase inhibitor letrozole produced negative effects by decreasing the body and testes weight, live sperm percentage, sperms count, concentration of estrogen hormone while administration of flaxseed and sage extract produced positive effects in reproductive efficiency through the increase in the percentage of live sperm, estrogen and luteinizing hormone concentrations and spermatogenesis in adult rats. We concluded from the study the important role of estrogen hormone in reproductive function of male rats which cleared by the negative effects that resulted from lowering estrogen hormone level by using aromatase inhibitor letrozole and the administration of flaxseed and sage extract improved some effects produced by estrogen hormone deficiency.

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