Given that watermelon is a crop widespread around the world, there is considerable interest in verifying how its seeds physiologically behave under unfavorable temperature conditions. This study aimed to evaluate the biochemical changes mobilization and reserves degradation, as well as the enzyme activity, during seed germination and initial growth of watermelon seedlings subjected to thermal stress, using temperature, germination percentage, germination rate and relative germination frequency over the incubation time as evaluation parameters. The experimental design was completely randomized, in a 5 x 3 factorial scheme, with five temperatures (17 ºC, 20 ºC, 25 ºC, 30 ºC and 35 ºC) and three cultivars (Charleston Gray, Fairfax and Crimson Sweet), with 4 replicates of 50 seeds. Germination, seedling growth, reserve degradation and stress protection system were evaluated. Thermal stress caused deleterious effects on watermelon seeds with germination capacity at well defined temperature limits, being 25 ºC the ideal temperature, with the highest percentage of normal seedlings. Sub- (17 ºC) and supra-optimal (30 ºC) temperatures presented more than 80 % of abnormal seedlings. The α-amylase enzyme activity is intense only at the beginning of germination. Under thermal stress, the proline contents increase mainly in the cotyledons.
Rapid tests that allow the assessment of physiological potential are essential parameters for quality seed and seedling production programs. The aim of this work was to establish parameters of a method for evaluating the vigor of seeds of native species through the analysis of ethanol production, measured with a modified alcohol meter. Six lots of Myracrodruon urundeuva were tested, and for each lot 1.0 g and 2.0 g of seeds were soaked for two, four, six, eight and 24 hours. Seven lots of Cenostigma pyramidale and five lots of Amburana cearensis were tested, where 20 seeds were soaked for two, four, six, eight and 24 h. The physiological quality of the seeds was also evaluated by germination and electrical conductivity tests. The use of 1.0 g of seeds soaked in 0.5 mL of water and evaluation of ethanol at six hours distinguished lots of M. urundeuva in terms of vigor. For C. pyramidale and A. cearensis, 20 seeds soaked in 1.0 mL of water and ethanol evaluation at six hours proved to be more efficient. The ethanol test proved to be fast and accurate, allowing differentiation of lots, as well as germination and electrical conductivity tests.
O vigor das sementes é um dos principais atributos da qualidade fisiológica a ser considerado na implantação de uma cultura. Para promover melhor vigor de sementes, tratamentos pré-semeadura, denominados priming, podem ser utilizados. Esses tratamentos, geralmente, são demorados e apresentam altos custos de aplicação. O ultrassom, no entanto, aparece como um potencial priming, por ser de fácil e rápida aplicação. Assim, propomos avaliar o potencial do ultrassom como um tratamento pré-semeadura capaz de recuperar o vigor de lotes de sementes cultiváveis. Para tanto, lotes de sementes de algodão (Gossypium hirsutum), feijão (Phaseolus vulgaris) e sorgo (Sorghum bicolor) foram caracterizados quanto ao teor de água, condutividade elétrica, percentual de germinação (primeira contagem e contagem final) e comprimento das partes das plântulas (radícula, hipocótilo e cotilédone). Amostras dos lotes caraterizados foram imersas em 100 mL de água destilada e submetidas a um pulso ultrassônico único (10 seg). Três potencias ultrassônicos (20, 40 e 60W) foram testados. Cada potencial representou um tratamento. Após o priming, as sementes foram colocadas para germinar sob as mesmas condições da caracterização (condição controle). Medidas de percentual de germinação e comprimento de plântulas foram obtidas e comparadas com a condição controle. A primeira contagem da germinação para os lotes aumentou à medida que se aumentou o potencial do ultrassom, com exceção do lote de sementes de feijão. Para esse, não houve aumento significativo (p≤0,05) para esse fator. Já a contagem final da germinação teve aumento significativo apenas para o lote de sementes de algodão. O comprimento do hipocótilo e do cotilédone dos lotes de algodão e sorgo foram significativamente reduzidos pelos tratamentos. Não foi observada variação significativa para o comprimento de radículas desses lotes. Para o lote de feijão, todos os tratamentos proporcionaram variação do comprimento para as partes das plântulas, sendo significativo o aumento da radícula e do hipocótilo nos tratamentos com 60 e 20W, respectivamente. Assim, nota-se que o ultrassom, nas condições estudadas, foi capaz de alterar a qualidade fisiológica das sementes dos lotes selecionados, podendo ser uma promissora ferramenta para a biotecnologia vegetal aplicada a recuperação de vigor de sementes cultiváveis de interesse comercial.
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