(Fig. 1 and 2).It is concluded thatO. brunneo-ciliatum and O. ips have a high probability of playing a role in the mechanisms of the establishment of I. sexdentatus in scots pine, because of their aggressiveness and their high constancy. L. wingfieldii has a good possibility of playing a role for T piniperda, because of its very high aggressiveness for scots pine, the steady variations of its frequency in synchrony with the development of the beetle and in spite of the low level of this frequency. The conditions in which the fungi could play such a role will have to be specified, but it seems that the two bark beetle species could each correspond to a different situation of pine-bark beetle-fungus relationship.phytopathogenic fungi -Leptographium wingfieldii -Ophiostoma brunneo-ciliatum -Ophiostoma ips -Ophiostoma minus -Hormonema dematioides -Scolytidae -lps sexdentatusTomicus piniperda -Pinus sylvestris -aggressiveness -insect-!trees relationship -insectsfungi relationships

The implementation of an antifungal stewardship programme was feasible, sustainable and well accepted. We observed an improved quality of care for some process of care measures, and antifungal use and cost were contained in our hospital.

The aim of the study presented here was to prospectively audit antibiotic prescriptions given to patients attending L'Archet Hospital in Nice, France, with details of the initial medical examination included in the audit procedure. A total of 122 antibiotic treatments were evaluated, i.e. 31% of all antibiotic therapies initiated in the eight participating departments over the 9-week study period. Forty-two (34%) treatments were found to be unnecessary due to misdiagnosis, and 36 (30%) other treatments were inappropriate. Misdiagnosis, due to the misinterpretation or lack of clinical, microbiological and/or imaging data is thus a major cause of antibiotic misuse. Improvement in the diagnostic process should become part of antibiotic policy.

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