ABSTRACT1. The Yangtze floodplain is globally unique for its extensive ephemeral wetlands, recharged by summer monsoon precipitation. The annual cycle of inundation and water table recession favours submerged macrophytes, including Vallisneria that overwinters in desiccated substrates as tubers, which provide highenergy winter food for tuber-feeding waterbirds that were formerly abundant in the region. 5. Widespread declines and concentration of tuber-eating wintering waterbirds at other sites elsewhere in the Yangtze floodplain may also reflect the local collapse of submerged macrophytes and of ecosystem services that these wetlands provide to the human communities.
Key-words:China, Macrophyte reproduction, Trapa, Vegetative reproduction, Yangtze RiverEffects of surface shading were measured on above-and below-ground biomass and fruit production of Vallisneria natans (Lour.) H. Hara plants grown from seed in replicated microcosm experiments, based on a control (no shading) and four treatments (25%, 50%, 75% and 90% shading). Above-and below-ground biomass was significantly reduced at treatments above 50% shading and first pistillate and staminate florescence dates were significantly delayed above 75% and 50% shading, respectively. Ratios of mature to unripe fruits produced (both in number or dry weight) did not differ between shading treatments, but dry weight fruit production was significantly reduced at 90% shading. We conclude that above 50% surface shading, V. natans plants suffer reductions in accumulated biomass and investment in sexual reproduction. We contend that recent expansions in the extent of the native floating water chestnut Trapa spp. at seasonally inundated wetlands in the Yangtze River floodplain could, by shading, have contributed to the reduction in annual biomass and seed production of V. natans, contributing to declines in distribution and abundance. RÉSUMÉEffets de l'ombrage sur la croissance de Vallisneria natans (Lour.) H. Hara Mots-clés :Chine, reproduction macrophytes, Trapa, reproduction végétative, Yangtsé Les effets de l'ombrage de surface ont été mesurés sur la biomasse au-dessus et en dessous du sol et la production de semences de Vallisneria natans (Lour.) H. Hara, plantes issues de semences, dans des expériences en microcosmes répli-qués, avec un contrôle (sans ombrage) et quatre traitements (25 %, 50 %, 75 % et 90 % d'ombrage). La biomasse au-dessus et en dessous du sol a été considé-rablement réduite aux traitements supérieurs à 50 % d'ombrage et les dates de floraison femelle et mâle ont été considérablement retardées au-dessus de 75 % et 50 % d'ombrage, respectivement. Les proportions de fruits produits à maturité ou non (tant en nombre ou qu'en poids sec) ne différaient pas entre les traitements d'ombrage, mais la production de fruits en poids sec a été significativement ré-duite à 90 % d'ombrage. Nous concluons qu'au-dessus de 50 % d'ombrage de surface, la plante V. natans souffre de réductions de sa croissance en biomasse et dans son investissement dans la reproduction sexuée. Nous soutenons que les expansions récentes de la châtaigne d'eau Trapa spp. dans les zones humides saisonnièrement inondées de la plaine du fleuve Yangtsé pourrait, par ombrage, avoir contribué à la réduction de la biomasse annuelle et de la production de semences de V. natans, contribuant à la baisse dans sa distribution et son abondance.
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