This study seeks to answer the question of the extent to which we know the complex phenomenon of climate change from a natural science perspective. Are our students at school getting the appropriate knowledge to correctly interpret the flood of information pouring into them from the media? Can we, as parents and pedagogues, give satisfactory and correct answers to their questions? In other words, do we have the necessary background knowledge to properly interpret climate challenges?We hypothesized that there is no significant difference on average between young people and adults regarding their perceptions of frequently heard environmental challenges, particularly the factors and correlations that affect climate change. This hypothesis was verified by our research.We must acknowledge that most challenges are in fact so complex and require so much background information that even teachers may be uncertain about judging a specific challenge, especially if it is a very different issue from their area of expertise. That is why it is important to leave teachers with the possibility of imperfection. In this regard, we must stress that, with respect to many environmental challenges, we adults are also in fact students, so it is important that the teacher should not refuse to address the issue just because he or she may be uncertain about it. The solution lies in the non-arbitrator, knowledge-manager teacher model, who does not decide for the students, but prepares them adequately so that they can make informed and conscious decisions on the given issue.
Increasing agricultural intensification can have a large impact on pollinating communities in terms of number and diversity, which often show a declining trend these days. Pollination is an important regulating ecosystem service, providing about 84% of fruit and vegetable production. The diversity of pollinators and the appropriate number of individuals are key to efficient pollination. In study, we examined the impact of three farming systems (organic, permaculture, and conventional) on the temporal, average farm-level number and diversity of pollinator species groups. We sampled all together fifteen small-scale (0.3-2 hectares, 5-5 in all three types) farms in North-Central Hungary with similar agroecological features. All of them have horticultural production with diverse crop rotation. We used visual sampling method to register individual number and taxa of pollinators in 14 categories in May, July and August, 2020. Our results show that the abundance of some pollinator taxonomic groups was highest in case of permaculture farms and in some cases even significant differences were found (e.g. Apidae and Total number of pollinators taxonomic groups). On the other hand regarding taxonomic group Shannon diversity of the pollinator communities, we could not detect any significant difference between the farming types. Our results show that permaculture farms could maintain a diverse and abundant pollinator community during the studied period but we have to consider the farm management factors like plant protection measures, flower resources and biodiversity management on the farm also natural habitats around the farms and the attitude of the farmers towards protection of pollinators.
Az emberi népesség erőteljes növekedésével párhuzamos mezőgazdasági intenzifikáció következtében fokozottabban kell figyelnünk a források felelős használatára és az ökoszisztémák megfelelő működésének fenntartására. A megfelelő működésben kiemelkedő szerepet töltenek be a különböző megporzók, hiszen a gyümölcs- és zöldségtermesztés produkciójának körülbelül 84 %-át biztosítják, mely produkció mesterséges megporzással jelentős erőforrásokat igényel. Esettanulmányunkban három különböző, a Szentendrei-szigeten elhelyezkedő gazdálkodási rendszer (permakultúrás, ökológiai és konvencionális) hatásait mértük fel a pollinátorok fajcsoportjainak időbeli, átlagos gazdaságszintű egyedszáma és diverzitása tekintetében. Minden területen vizuális mintavételezést végeztünk 2019-ben, összesen négy időpontban (május 19., július 04., július 22. és szeptember 05.). A három gazdaság közül a permakultúrás gazdaságban volt a legmagasabb a pollinátorok összegyedszáma és taxonómiai csoportjainak diverzitása a vizsgált év négy időpontját összevetve. Konklúzióként elmondható, hogy a térben és időben jelentős mértékű és változatosságú méhlegelőt biztosító gazdaságok létesítése és fenntartása rendkívül fontos a megfelelő pollinátor egyedszám és diverzitás fenntartásában, és így a hosszútávon megfelelő rovarbeporzású növényi produkció biztosításában, amit esettanulmányunk eredményei alapján a három közül leginkább a permakultúrás gazdaság biztosíthat.
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