Present knowledge of host range and distribution of Melampsora pinitorqua Rostr. in Italy is reported. Melampsora larici-tremulae, which occurs at high altitude in the Apennines and the Alps and infects only larch, can infect pine also in artificial conditions.

The germination ability of teleutospores of Melampsora pinitorqua Rostr. overwintered in different situations and under different types of soil cover was studied. The germmation period is affected by local environmental conditions. The intensity of germination of teleutospores overwintered in the underbrush is much lower than that of teleutospores overwintered on uncovered soil.

SUMMARY -Hyphae and haustoria of the pycnio-aecial stage of Cronartium flaccidum in Pinus pinea and P. pinaster were observed with a TEM. This characteristically systemic and long-lasting monokaryotic mycelium was examined in primary needles of young seedlings with the first symptoms of infection, in the stem of the same seedlings just invaded by the rust and in cortical tissues of infected internodes of older plants. The described ultrastructural features, generally referable to all examined materials, regarded: the wall, capsular sheath and contents of the intercellular hyphae; the haustoria! mother cell and the penetration peg; the general morphology, wall, extrahaustorial matrix, collar and encasement of the haustorium; the close proximity to the extrahaustorial membrane of the host cell endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus. Some aspects of C. flaccidum monokaryotic haustorium and related structures are discussed and compared to those reported for monokaryotic and dikaryotic haustoria of other rusts.

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