Serum biochemical and haematological indices constitute important panels in the diagnosis, prognosis and treatment of livestock diseases via the investigations of myriads of parameters influencing these blood and serum biochemical indices. Serum biochemical indices, haematological indices and blood electrolytes are critical physiological indices which have health implications on the diagnosis, prognosis and treatment of livestock diseases especially in animals bred under different management systems. It is important to stress that cascades of parameters of both genetic and non-genetic origin greatly have direct and indirect health implications on serum biochemical indices and blood electrolytes in livestock animals and subsequently on their health/ production performances. Laboratory blood tests would be a vital tool to help detect any deviation from normal state of wellbeing in animals. Therefore, this review intends to provide base line information to establish certain haematological and serum biochemical indices as standard references which can be employed as alternative therapy for diagnosis, prognosis and treatment of cascades of diseases plaguing livestock animals bred under different management systems especially under the harsh condition of the tropics. Hence, it is important to establish standard values for the various blood and serum biochemical indices base on parameters of non-genetic origin; age, sex, physiological state, stress level, management systems, medication, health status, nutrition, hormone, climate, etc. and genetic parameters which include the breed and genotype of the animal among others obviously affect the blood and serum profile of healthy animal which subsequently influence their production performance and efficiency.

This experiment was conducted to determine the blood chemistry and carcass characteristics of broilers fed malted sorghum sprouts (MSP) or wheat offal (W/O)-based diets supplemented with yeast culture and enzyme. A total of two hundred and forty 28-day old, Marshal Broiler chickens used for the experiment were randomly allotted to 8 dietary treatment groups of 30 birds each. Each treatment group was replicated thrice with 10 birds per replicate. Data on selected blood indices and carcass traits of the birds were collected during the course of the feeding trial that lasted for 4 weeks. The experiment was a 2X4 factorial consisting of two (2) test ingredients (MSP and wheat offal) at 4 inclusion levels of enzyme or yeast (0g kg-1, +0.01gkg-1 yeast and Roxazyme G2(G) enzyme, +0.01gkg-1  yeast ,+ Roxazyme G2(G)  enzyme. At the end of the trial, the effect of MSP and wheat offal inclusion showed a significant effect (P<0.05) for uric acid, WBC, Total protein, albumin and globulin. However, uric acid, total protein, Albumin and Globulin were highest for wheat offal diet. Furthermore, the results show that values obtained for white blood cell, uric acid, total protein, albumin, globulin, creatinine, ALT& AST were significantly (P<0.05) affected by the enzyme, yeast and their combination. The carcass results show that none of the parameters measured differed significantly. In conclusion, supplementation with yeast + enzyme improves total protein, albumin and globulin. Meanwhile, it reduced concentrations of uric acid, ALT and AST by broiler chickens. Therefore MSP diet should be supplemented with yeast+ enzyme or enzyme singly to improve Livestock ration for better utilisation.

., Pirgozliev, V. 2016. Growth, nutrient digestibility, ileal digesta viscosity, and energy metabolizability of growing turkeys fed diets containing malted sorghum sprouts supplemented with enzyme or yeast. diets. Apparent ash digestibility reduced linearly (P < 0.05) with increasing inclusion levels of 30 MSP. Apparent metabolisable energy (AME) did not vary significantly (P > 0.05) with MSP 31 inclusion levels. Dietary inclusion of 100 g/kg MSP recorded the highest (P < 0.05) ileal digesta 32 viscosity. Enzyme supplementation reduced (P < 0.05) ileal viscosity but had no effect (P > 0.05) 33 on AME. Inclusion of MSP resulted in poor growth performance. This confirms reports of earlier 34 studies that utilization of MSP by poultry is rather poor. Supplementation with enzyme or yeast 35 did not lead to any appreciable improvement in performance of turkeys in this study. 36 Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition

This study was conducted to examine the effect of feed probiotics substituents in serum biochemistry and carcass characteristics of tropically bred exotic turkey. A total of 80 British united turkey (BUT) were assigned to 4 dietary treatments consisting of 4 supplemental levels of equal mixtures of RoxazymeG2 ® at 200 ppm, 250 ppm, 300 ppm and 350 ppm. The polynomial contrast (linear and quadratic) was applied to determine the effect of inclusion of varying mixtures of enzyme and yeast supplementations using SPSS 1999. At starter phase (5-8 weeks), turkeys fed diet containing combination of 200 ppm enzyme and yeast recorded highest (P < 0.05) PCV, Hb, WBC, RBC and glucose values. AST and serum uric acid values were highest (P<0.05) for turkeys fed diet containing combination of 350 ppm enzyme and yeast. At grower phase (9-12 weeks), the values of WBC reduced significantly (P < 0.05) with increased combination of enzyme and yeast levels in the diet whereas RBC recorded higher values. Turkeys fed diet containing combination of 200 ppm enzyme and yeast recorded a significantly (P < 0.05) high values of total serum protein and serum globulin relative to other combination levels. At finisher phase (13-16 weeks), birds on 350 ppm combined supplementation of enzyme and yeast recorded a significantly (P < 0.05) higher PCV HB, ALT and WBC compared to other treatments. The value for uric acid was significantly (P < 0.05) elevated in birds fed 200 ppm and 300 ppm enzyme and yeast combination. There was no significant (P > 0.05) effect of enzyme and yeast supplementation on live weight, dressing percentage, weights of head, neck, drum stick, thigh, breast, lungs, liver, heart, kidney, spleen, gizzard, proventriculus, crop and abdominal fat except back weight and wing weight that were significantly (P<0.05) affected by dietary treatment. In conclusion, inclusion of feed additives in MSP diet such as enzymes and yeast is a good measure in enhancing serum biochemistry and production performance of exotic turkey bred in the humid tropics.