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The purpose of this study was to investigate the structure and oxidation behaviour of nonstoichiometric aluminium phosphate coating. Phase composition analysis was performed by X-ray diffractometer (XRD). Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) was used for molecular spectroscopy. The micro-structural studies were investigated by TEM. AISI 304 stainless steel substrates were dip coated in the aluminium phosphate solution to evaluate the cyclic oxidation behaviour. The oxidised samples were characterised by SEM/EDS and XRD techniques. The XRD patterns and TEM images confirmed the amorphous structure of assynthesised aluminium phosphate. Based on the FTIR result, the non-stoichiometric amorphous aluminium phosphate owned Al−O−Al bonding besides Al−O−P. Weight change measurements after 100 h oxidation at 1100°C revealed that the range of the weight gain of the bare substrate was 30 times higher than that of the coated one.

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The parameters for the electroplating process of Ni-Fe(Ti,W)C nanocomposite on the steel substrate were developed and optimised. for this purpose, the coating process was performed under a direct current using a nickel bath. The coating was fully characterised employing the X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive spectroscopy and microhardness tester. The results indicated that the Ni-Fe(Ti,W)C nanocomposite can be coated on the steel with an appropriate structure using the current density and the concentration of 40 mA cm −2 and 6 g L −1 , respectively.