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The effect of experimental Trypanosoma congolense (T. congolense) infection on serum concentrations of lipids in donkeys was investigated. To establish the infection, four apparently healthy pack donkeys were, each, intravenously inoculated with blood (1 ml) from an infected donor donkey containing 1 x 10 6 T. congolense organisms. Following this, 5 ml of blood was collected from each of the experimental animals, starting from day zero and then every other day throughout the experimental period and used for haematological and serum biochemical analyses. Levels of triglyceride, total cholesterol, high density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDLcholesterol) and low density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-cholesterol) in the serum were measured over a 28-day experimental period, using commercial test kits. The infection with T. congolense caused significant (P<0.05) decreases in serum concentrations of total cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol in the experimental animals. Decreases were also observed in the serum concentrations of triglyceride and HDL-cholesterol but were not significant (P>0.05). With the indispensable roles of lipids as integral parts of cell membrane structures and in other metabolic processes in the mammalian hosts, it could be inferred that T. congolense infection-induced alterations in serum concentrations of lipids might be contributory pathophysiological mechanisms of some of the reported disorders in trypanosome-infected animals.

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This study examined the relationship between the testicular and epididymal biometry compare to semen characteristics in Yankasa rams. Fifteen apparently healthy rams aged between 1-2 years with average weight of 20 kg were used for the study. They were acclimated for four weeks, screened and treated against endo and ecto parasite. They were kept in small ruminant pens under zero grazing, fed with hay, ground nut leaves/straw 'harawa' and wheat offal with water supplied ad-libitum. The scrotal circumference was measured in centimeters using a measuring tape. The testicular length (L), width (W), depth and epididymal head axis, length and tail axis were measured by caliper and testicular volume and weight were calculated by formula methods. Semen samples were collected using an electro-ejaculator and immediately evaluated for colour, volume, motility, pH, sperm concentration, sperm morphology and live/dead ratio. The right testicular and epidydimal biometry were non-significantly greater than that of the left. Semen parameters correlate positively (right testicules, r=0.225) and (left testicles, r=0.346) with testicular volume except for bent tail, coil tail and motility. The left epididymal head's long axis and right epididymal tail axis showed significant positive correlation (r= 0.55) with semen parameters and right epididymal head's long axis and left epididymal tail axis showed negative correlation with semen characteristics. It was concluded that testicular and epididymal biometry increase with increase testicular function and output..

Under specific circumstances such as during aerobic predominant exercise, the production of free radicals increases and creates free radicals-endogen antioxidants imbalance. It causes oxidative stress. The level of oxidative stress can be recognized by measuring the level of plasma malondialdehyde (MDA). But the effect of physical activity and the effect of exogenous antioxidants supplementation is still not clearly known in the literature. Based on the background above, as a preliminary study, the writers conduct a study to investigate the plasma MDA level on mice which is given and not given a combination of Brastagi’s oranges and carrots juice before physical activity using mice’s treadmill for 10,20, and 30 minutes. The research method used in this study is an experimental laboratory study. As objects of this study are 24 mice(mus musculus), white-colored, male, weighting 25-30 grams, which is randomly chosen. The objects are divided into 2 groups, Group A: 12 mice (given a combination of Brastagi’s oranges and carrots juice before physical activity using mice’s treadmill) and group B: 12 mice (not given a combination of Brastagi’s orangesand carrots juice before physical activity using mice’s treadmill). Group A is divided into 3 subgroups: A1 (doing treadmill for 10 minutes), A2 (doing treadmill for 20 minutes), and A3 (doing treadmill for 30 minutes). The same procedure is employed for group B. Plasma MDA level measured after doing a physical activity using mice treadmill. The homogeneity of the result then was tested using Levene’s test and the normality of the result was tested using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test (p>0.05). Further, the data were analyzed using an independent t-test (p≤0.05), one-way ANOVA (p≤0.05) then Duncan’s test were used. The analyzed data indicated a combination of Brastagi’s oranges and carrots juice supplementation given to mice before physical activity, for 10,20, and 30 minutes caused lower plasma MDA levels than mice not given a combination of Brastagi’s oranges and carrots juice before physical activity. The differences are 38,44% (0,5277 vs 0,8571) (A1-B1); 37,96% (0,5866 vs 0,9455) (A2-B2); dan77,79% (0,8438 vs 1,6161) (A3-B3).The conclusion of the study suggested that a combination of Brastagi’s oranges and carrots juice supplementation given to mice before physical activity for 10,20, and 30 minutes caused lower plasma MDA levels than mice not given a combination of Brastagi’s oranges and carrots juice before physical activity.