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BACKGROUND: Perioperative music interventions have been shown to reduce anxiety and pain in adults. This inexpensive, easily applicable intervention could be of benefit to children as well. Our objective was to determine the effects of music interventions on distress, anxiety, and postoperative pain in infants undergoing surgery. METHODS: The Music Under Surgery In Children study was designed as a parallel, single-blind, randomized controlled trial with an a priori formulated hypothesis. Data were collected between August 2015 and October 2016 in a single tertiary care children’s hospital. There was a 24-hour follow-up with blind primary outcome assessment. A random sample of 432 eligible 0–3 years of age infants admitted for orchidopexy, hypospadias, or inguinal hernia repair receiving general anesthesia and caudal block were asked for participation. Subjects were assigned to a preoperative music intervention, pre- and intraoperative music intervention, or no music intervention (control) via random allocation using a computer-generated list with the use of opaque envelopes. The main outcome measure was the postoperative level of distress assessed with the COMFORT-Behavior scale, which is an observational scale; furthermore, preoperative level of distress, preoperative anxiety, and physiological measurements such as heart rate (HR) and blood pressure were measured. The trial was registered at the Dutch Trial Register, number NTR5402 (www.trialregister.nl). RESULTS: One hundred ninety-five infants with median age 6.9 months (interquartile range, 3.3–11.1) were randomized, 178 of whom were included in the primary analysis. A nonsignificant difference in COMFORT-Behavior scale scores between the pre- and intraoperative music intervention group and control group at 4 hours after surgery was found (mean difference, −1.22; 95% CI, 2.60–0.17; P = .085). Additional analysis showed weak nonsignificant evidence for an interaction effect between music exposure and COMFORT-Behavior score at baseline (P = .027 with a Bonferroni-adjusted significance level of .025). General linear modeling showed a statistically significantly reduced HR after the preoperative music intervention in the holding area in the combined preoperative music intervention and intraoperative music intervention group compared to the control group (P = .003). The differences in HR among the 3 study arms at all time points were not statistically significant (P = .069). CONCLUSIONS: Music interventions do not seem to benefit all young infants undergoing surgery. The potential benefits of music interventions in the preoperative period and in more distressed children warrant further exploration.

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Lichen sclerosus (LS), first described by Breisky (1885) and Hallopeau (1887), is a chronic inflammatory skin disease which predominantly affects the anogenital region. 1,2 LS is relatively common in postmenopausal women, with an estimated prevalence between 1:1000 and 1:60. 3,4 In men, LS seems less common 5 ; the reported ratio between men and women varies from 1:10 to 1:6. 6,7 The disease is well-documented in adults; less is known regarding LS in children. In addition, many publications address LS in either boys or girls, but not both. Therefore, we aim to assess the literature on LS in both boys and girls. LS has been known by various synonyms such as white spot disease, kraurosis vulvae, lichen sclerosus et atrophicus vulvae or, in men, balanitis xerotica obliterans (BXO). For consistency, in this review, we uniformly use the term lichen sclerosus.

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