Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is the most common endocrinopathy affecting reproductive-aged women. PCOS is not a homogeneous disease and can manifest as a range of multifaceted problems, including various reproductive, cosmetic, cardiometabolic, and psychiatric conditions. In Bangladesh, research defining the prevalence and characteristics of PCOS is not ample. This review summarizes the findings from published studies that provide consistent evidence on the prevalence and characteristics of women with PCOS in the country. The small-scale studies conducted among different subgroups of women indicate a high prevalence of the condition. Clinical presentations of PCOS in Bangladeshi women are also highly variable. A substantial portion has obesity, insulin resistance, abnormal glucose tolerance, dyslipidemia, and metabolic syndrome, which significantly threaten their cardiovascular health. Many of them have co-existent other endocrinopathies, including thyroid abnormalities. Moreover, highly prevalent psychiatric comorbidities among these women warrant routine screening for these conditions.

Both diabetes mellitus (DM) and male infertility are widely prevalent, and their prevalence has increasing trends. Diabetes is known to have negative impacts on almost all aspects of male reproductive functions. Such pathophysiology is more widely studied in animal models, and in men with type 2 DM (T2DM), similar reproductive dysfunctions are also described in type 1 DM (T1DM). T1DM and T2DM may have different underlying mechanisms contributing to the changes seen in their sperm parameters. At the pretesticular level, DM causes hypogonadotropic hypogonadism. DM affects many aspects of testicular function. Increased oxidative stress and inflammation, increased reactive oxygen species, lipid peroxidation, advanced glycation end products, disrupted energy metabolism, and nuclear and mitochondrial deoxyribonucleic acid damage alter sperm count and quality. The structure and function of the epididymis, vas deferens, seminal vesicles, and prostate are also affected, changing sperm quality and viability. Genitourinary infections are common in DM and might alter reproductive homeostasis. Erectile and ejaculatory dysfunction frequently affects men with DM. Retrograde ejaculation and anejaculation may lead to infertility. Glucose-lowering drugs may also influence the male reproductive process; insulin, metformin, pioglitazone, sodium-glucose cotransporters, and glucagon-like peptide 1 agonist drugs may have favorable impacts. The pathophysiology of reproductive dysfunction and fertility in men with DM is yet to be completely elucidated. Many factors, including duration of diabetes, glycemic control, and associated comorbidities, may obscure the real impact of DM-related male infertility. The ongoing molecular studies generating new insights are expected to better clarify DM-induced alterations in male reproductive function.