Background: Proteasomes have six non-identical ATPases that move and unfold protein substrates. Results: Mutating homologous substrate contact residues of each ATPase has diverse effects on degradation and cell growth. Conclusion: Although homologous, each of the six has distinguishable functions. Significance: Structurally similar elements within a complex molecular machine can evolve distinct tasks, diversifying the range of accessible cellular responses.
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