R e s u m e nEste artículo explora porqué el agua se ha convertido en un tema central de las controversias mineras recientes, centrándose en un conflicto entre la empresa minera Yanacocha y la comunidad de Combayo, en la sierra norte del Perú. En las protestas de 2006, los campesinos argumentaron que su lucha era por la protección de los recursos hídricos ante la expansión de la minería. La empresa trató de desacreditar estas quejas al arguir que las protestas comenzaron como una demanda por contratos de trabajo y proyectos de desarrollo. Esta separación entre el empleo y el agua, esconde cómo las tecnologías de la minería moderna transforman el paisaje, a la vez que introduce cambios en las prácticas corporativas de la empresa y medidas de acción política en respuesta a la actividad minera. Este artículo examina el papel del agua tanto en la movilización de manifestantes, la reconfiguración de las alianzas políticas existentes y, al propiciar un acuerdo que reduce el alcance del conflicto que da paso a argumentos técnicos sobre la calidad y cantidad de agua, la promesa de empleos, y un estudio hidrológico. [ecología, medio ambiente, movimientos sociales, Perú] A b s t r a c tThis article explores why water is at the center of recent mining controversies in Peru. It explores a conflict between the Yanacocha Mining Company and the community of Combayo in the Northern Highlands. In protests in 2006, campesinos stated that their struggle was over the protection of water resources from mining expansion; the company sought to discredit their claims, suggesting that the protests began as a demand for employment contracts and development projects. The superficial distinction between jobs and water obscures the ways in which modern mining technologies transform the landscape, thus changing both corporate practices and forms of political action
The controversial Pascua-Lama mining project, straddling the border between Chile and Argentina and operated by Canada’s Barrick Gold, gained international notoriety when the company proposed to “move” three glaciers located at the mine site. The glaciers variously appeared, changed form, and disappeared as the project was developed, presented to the public, subjected to various modifications, and ultimately put on hold. The environmental impact assessment process created an inventory of the landscape that turned nature into an object of environmental management. At the same time, the element of public participation embedded in Chile’s environmental impact legislation helped to mobilize local and international activism. El polémico proyecto minero de Pascua-Lama que maneja la empresa canadiense Barrick Gold en la frontera entre Chile y Argentina quedó sometido al escrutinio internacional cuando la empresa propuso “mover” tres glaciares situados en la mina. Los glaciares aparecieron, cambiaron de forma y desaparecieron conforme el proyecto se desarrollaba, presentaba ante el público y era sometido a diversas modificaciones; en última instancia, fue suspendido. El proceso de evaluación de impacto ambiental dio lugar a un inventario del paisaje que convirtió a la naturaleza en un objeto de gestión ambiental. Al mismo tiempo, la participación ciudadana fundamentada en la legislación chilena de impacto ambiental ayudó a movilizar activistas locales e internacionales.
The chapter by Li and Paredes Peñafiel explores the manifold interconnections between community-based resistance and national as well as international activist networks. They trace the organised opposition to a proposed mining project in Peru’s Northern Highlands (the Conga mine) and how local activism travels through documentaries, news media, lawsuits, and networks. Analysing the international reverberations of the conflict and activist efforts, they interrogate the emergence of key leaders—particularly women—and how they and media actors represent the conflict. These representations of environmental conflict in Peru also gain importance elsewhere, and the authors explore how they both travel and translate into a situation of increasing resistance to extraction in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Local resistance thus reverberates and spreads and may challenge the logic of extractivism by opening up a space for alternative life-making projects that both transcend and communicate between connections to a local landscape.
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