Stormwater management (SWM) includes a wide range of services aimed at environmental protection, enhancement of water resources and flood control. Local governments are responsible for managing all these aspects within their jurisdiction, but they often present limitations in generating revenues. Thus, many municipalities have been seeking a dedicated funding source for these programs and practices. This publication provides a brief overview of current legal issues associated with stormwater funding focusing on the most used method: fees. It is a successful mechanism to fund legal obligations of municipalities; however, it must have a significant value to motivate the reduction of runoff. Through literature, we found stormwater fees in Australia, Brazil, Canada, Ecuador, France, Germany, Poland, South Africa and the United States (USA). France had the highest average monthly fee, but this financing experience was suspended in 2014. Brazil has the lowest fee by m², comparable to the US fee. While in Brazil overall SWM represents low priority investments, the USA represents one of the most evolved countries in stormwater funding practices. It was noticed by reviewing the international experience that charging stormwater fees is a successful mechanism to fund the legal obligations and environmental protection.

In this paper, a stormwater fee specifically for small municipalities was developed through a simplification of the Equivalent Residential Unit (ERU) system, which is the main method applied in the United States. The Simplified ERU is based on the amount of impervious area and the fee considers the operations and maintenance costs, besides having a single class of billing. It was applied in Santo Amaro da Imperatriz city, located in the southern region of Brazil, which can be classified as a small city. The value of the Simplified ERU (294.32 m2) was similar to the average impervious area in the United States (269.42 m2) and it was equivalent to $0.28 per square meter (within the range of other countries' fees). The method proved to be a feasible and rapid technique for funding stormwater services, and its simplicity allows its application in different locations. This funding model can generate revenue to address current stormwater problems, such as the lack of funding for existing drainage infrastructure, and contribute to downstream flooding reduction. This paper also intends to encourage discussion about the methods for designing a stormwater fee in the academic community, which is still incipient.

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Desenvolvimento de recursos hídricos. 2. Política ambiental-Brasil. 3. Sustentabilidade. I. Schiebelbein, Luis Miguel. II. Título. III.Série. CDD 343.81 Elaborado por Maurício Amormino Júnior-CRB6/2422 O conteúdo dos artigos e seus dados em sua forma, correção e confiabilidade são de responsabilidade exclusiva dos autores. 2018 Permitido o download da obra e o compartilhamento desde que sejam atribuídos créditos aos autores, mas sem a possibilidade de alterá-la de nenhuma forma ou utilizá-la para fins comerciais. www.atenaeditora.com.br APRESENTAÇÃO A obra "Gestão de Recursos Hídricos e Sustentabilidade" aborda uma série de artigos e resultados de pesquisa, em seu Volume I, contemplando em seus 21 capítulos, os novos conhecimentos científicos e tecnológicos para as áreas em questão. Estrategicamente agrupados na grande área temática de GESTÃO DE BACIAS HIDROGRÁFICAS, ne nas seções de Meteorologia, Modelagem, Conceitos Aplicados & Estudos de Caso, traz à tona informações de extrema relevância para a área dos Recursos Hídricos, assim como da Sustentabilidade. Os capítulos buscam de maneira complementar, abordar as diferentes áreas além de concentrar informações envolvendo não só os resultados aplicados, mas também as metodologias propostas para cada tipo de estudo realizado. Pela grande diversidade de locais e instituições envolvidas, na realização das pesquisas ora publicadas, apresenta uma grande abrangência de condições e permite, dessa forma, que se conheça um pouco mais do que se tem de mais recente nas diferentes áreas de abordagem. A todos os pesquisadores envolvidos, autores dos capítulos inclusos neste Volume I, e, pela qualidade e relevância de suas pesquisas e de seus resultados, os agradecimentos do Organizador e da Atena Editora. Ressalta-se ainda e indica-se a consulta ao Volume II, o qual aborda as grandes áreas temáticas de QUALIDADE DA ÁGUA, RECURSOS HÍDRICOS NO ABASTECIMENTO, UTILIZAÇÃO AGRÍCOLA DOS RECURSOS HÍDRICOS & SUSTENTABILIDADE. Complementarmente, espera-se que esta obra possa ser de grande valia para aqueles que buscam ampliar seus conhecimentos nessa magnífica área da Gestão de Recursos Hídricos, associada à Sustentabilidade. Que este seja não só um material de apoio, mas um material base para o estímulo a novas pesquisas e a conquista de resultados inovadores.

This research analyzes the use of natural shrimp shell and commercial chitin for biosorption of metal ions in surface runoff. Investigation of the use of these biosorbent materials in drainage systems becomes a management measure for two extremely important issues in Brazil, fish waste management and the surface runoff quality. Methodological procedures involved treatments with different amounts of unprocessed shrimp shell and commercial chitin (5g and 10g) for 200mL of a compensatory drainage mechanism (infiltration swale). The contact time of biosorbent and runoff was 24h and removal of metal ions Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Cr was studied. Tests with unprocessed shrimp shell showed high concentrations of metallic ions (Pb, Ni, and Cu) causing contamination of the environment. However, the two biosorbents presented good removal of specific metallic ions (Fe, Mn, Zn, and Cr). These results indicate the need for a biosorbent pre-treatment prior to full-scale use. We indicate the need for a more detailed investigation of water quality in the environment used for shrimp farming. Tests with commercial chitin presented satisfactory results for two concentrations tested. Tests with 10g of commercial chitin allowed removal of all tested metal ions (Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, Ni, Pb, Cr) with removal percentage between 6.7% and 84.4%. This efficiency may be related to the chitin's composition (shrimp, crustaceans, and crab) and to the chemical process applied to the product prior to commercialization.