Bat coronaviruses (Bat‐CoVs) represent around 35% of all virus genomes described in bats. Brazil has one of the highest mammal species diversity, with 181 species of bats described so far. However, few Bat‐CoV surveillance programmes were carried out in the country. Thus, our aim was to jevaluate the Bat‐CoV diversity in the Atlantic Forest, the second biome with the highest number of bat species in Brazil. We analysed 456 oral and rectal swabs and 22 tissue samples from Atlantic Forest bats, detecting Alphacoronavirus in 44 swab samples (9.6%) targeting the RdRp gene from seven different bat species, three of which have never been described as Bat‐CoV hosts. Phylogenetic analysis of the amino acid (aa) sequences coding the RdRp gene grouped the sequences obtained in our study with Bat‐CoV previously detected in identical or congeneric bat species, belonging to four subgenera, with high aa identity (over 90%). The RdRp gene was also detected in three tissue samples from Diphylla ecaudata and Sturnira lilium, and the partial S gene was successfully sequenced in five tissues and swab samples of D. ecaudata. The phylogenetic analysis based on the partial S gene obtained here grouped the sequence of D. ecaudata with CoV from Desmodus rotundus previously detected in Peru and Brazil, belonging to the Amalacovirus subgenus, with aa identity ranging from 73.6% to 88.8%. Our data reinforce the wide distribution of Coronaviruses in bats from Brazil and the novelty of three bats species as Bat‐CoV hosts and the co‐circulation of four Alphacoronavirus subgenera in Brazil.
RESUMO Este trabalho investigou a maturidade sexual, o período reprodutivo e de recrutamento (ambos relacionados com a temperatura e a salinidade da água), e a proporção sexual de Xiphopenaeus kroyeri na Baía de Santos, SP. Os camarões foram capturados mensalmente, de junho de 2008 a maio de 2009, em quatro pontos de amostragem. Os indivíduos foram mensurados, analisados quanto ao sexo e o estágio de desenvolvimento reprodutivo foi determinado macroscopicamente. As fêmeas apresentaram valor médio de comprimento da carapaça (mm) maior que os machos e atingiram a maturidade fisiológica com valor superior, i.e., 25,5 mm para fêmeas e 16,8 mm para machos. O período reprodutivo foi contínuo, com maior proporção de fêmeas reprodutivas no outono. Apesar de não significativo, em fevereiro houve um pico similar a março de fêmeas reprodutivas. Entre agosto e outubro ocorreu um pico intermediário destas fêmeas que contribuiu para o recrutamento no verão. A menor quantidade de juvenis após a principal desova (fevereiro, março e abril) pode ser explicado pela migração ou pelo efeito da abertura da pesca, que ocorre em junho. A proporção entre os sexos foi próxima à 1:1, porém, em escala espacial, notou-se maior quantidade de fêmeas reprodutivas em locais mais rasos. Esta distribuição diferencial entre os sexos pode estar associada à estratégia reprodutiva das fêmeas, neste caso, áreas mais apropriadas para a desova. O atual defeso ocorre entre março e maio e, pelos resultados obtidos sobre a frequência de fêmeas reprodutivas, sugere-se a inclusão de fevereiro. ABSTRACT We investigated the sexual maturity, reproductive period and juvenile recruitment (both associated with salinity and temperature of bottom water) and sex-ratio of Xiphopenaeus kroyeri in Santos Bay, São Paulo. Monthly samples were obtained from
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0), which permits reproduction, adaptation, and distribution provided the original author and source are credited. AbstractPlantago trinitatis, endemic plant of Trindade Island, a small oceanic island (9.28 km 2 ) apart about 1,140 km from the coast of the city of Vitória (Espírito Santo, southeastern Brazil), until now had only been located on the island at altitudes greater than 500 meters, in a dry environment and rocky soil. In April 2013, we observed several individuals of the species at altitudes varying from 80 to 240 meters, along a small watercourse in the northeast portion of the island. This record, in addition to confirming the occurrence of the species at lower altitudes than 500 meters, also confirms the recovery of the species, which, until 1998, was considered extinct.Keywords: endemism, oceanic island, Plantaginaceae, altitudinal variation. ResumoPlantago trinitatis, planta endêmica da Ilha da Trindade, uma pequena ilha oceânica (9,28 km 2 ) distante aproximadamente 1.140 km da costa da cidade de Vitória (Espírito Santo, sudeste do Brasil), até o momento só havia sido localizada na ilha em altitudes superiores a 500 metros, em ambiente seco e solo rochoso. Em abril de 2013, observamos diversos indivíduos da espécie em altitudes variando de 80 a 240 metros, ao longo de um pequeno curso de água, na porção nordeste da ilha. Esse registro, além de confirmar a ocorrência da espécie em altitudes menores do que 500 metros, também confirma a recuperação da espécie, que, até 1998, era considerada extinta. The genus Plantago Linnaeus is cosmopolitan, with over 250 species concentrated in temperate or tropical regions. In general, the species of this genus are presented as herbs or, less commonly, as subshrubs and can be perennial or annual. Some species have a wide distribution, others with a more restricted distribution are habitat specialists; many of the latter occur only in small oceanic islands (Rahn, 1996;Rønsted et al., 2002;Dunbar-Co et al., 2008; Tay et al., 2010;Hefler et al., 2011;Meudt, 2012). PalavrasIn Brazil, according to Hassemer et al. (2016), there are 15 species of Plantago, 12 of these are native and three are exotic originating from European regions. The species P. catharinea Decne., P. corvensis Hassemer, P. guilleminiana Decne., P. rahniana Hassemer & R. Trevis., P. trinitatis Rahn, and P. turficola Rahn, occur exclusively in Brazil. et al., 2016), a small oceanic island (9.28 km 2 ) apart about 1,140 km from the coast of the city of Vitória (Espírito Santo, southeastern Brazil, Figure 1). Its onshore portion reaches 620 meters above sea level and the ocean depths around the island reach 5,500 m (Alves, 1998;Castro, 2009). Since 1984, the administration of the island is under the jurisdiction of the Brazilian Navy (1 st Naval District) that maintains an Oceanographic Station with a weather station in the area (Brasil, 1984;Alves, 1998). Access to the island is r...
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