RESUMONeste trabalho são listadas as espécies de formigas de serrapilheira encontradas em quatro ambientes localizados na região noroeste do estado do Rio Grande do Sul, a fim de verificar o impacto da ação antrópica realizada no meio rural. Para a coleta das formigas da serrapilheira foi utilizado o método do extrator de Winkler. Foram coletados 6.300 espécimes pertencentes a oito subfamílias, 18 tribos, 31 gêneros e 108 espécies. A floresta nativa possui a maior riqueza observada com 90 espécies coletadas, seguida por eucalipto com 65 espécies, agricultura e pastagem exótica com 20 espécies cada. O índice de diversidade de Margalef foi de 11,21 para área com floresta nativa, 8,37 para eucalipto, 3,48 para agricultura e, 2,71 na área de pastagem exótica. O índice de diversidade de Shannon obtido foi de 2,89; 3,15; 2,43 e 1,98 e de equitabilidade 0,64; 0,75; 0,84 e 0,66 para as áreas com: floresta nativa, eucalipto, agricultura e pastagem, respectivamente. O maior valor do índice de diversidade para a área de eucalipto pode ser devido à área possuir 28 anos de implantação, sem ter sido manejada, com sub-bosque de espécies nativas, formando um dossel contínuo e espessa camada de serrapilheira, já a floresta nativa por sofrer intervenções antrópicas, possui um valor de diversidade de Shannon menor comparado à área com eucalipto. Palavras-chave: riqueza; bioindicador; extrator mini-Winkler. ABSTRACTLitter ant species found in four sites located in northwestern Rio Grande do Sul state were listed in this study to verify the impact of human activities conducted in rural areas. The method used for the collection of litter ants was the Winkler extractor. There were collected 6,300 specimens belonging to eight subfamilies, 18 tribes, 31 genera and 108 species. Native forest presented the highest richness observed with 90 species collected, followed by 65 eucalyptus species, and agriculture and pasture with 20 exotic species each. Margalef's diversity index was 11.21 for area with native forest, 8.37 for eucalypt, 3.48 for agriculture, and 2.71 in exotic pasture area. The Shannon's diversity indices obtained were 2.89, 3.15, 2.43 and 1.98 and equitability indices of 0.64, 0.75, 0.84 and 0.66 for areas with native forest, eucalyptus, agriculture and 1 Engenheiro Florestal, Dr., Professor
RESUMOO presente trabalho objetivou registrar a ocorrência de novas espécies de formigas para o estado do Rio Grande do Sul e, com isso, contribuir para o conhecimento sobre a mirmecofauna. As coletas foram realizadas em quatro ambientes (floresta nativa, plantio de eucalipto, plantio agrícola e pastagem exótica). Para a coleta das formigas, foi utilizado o método do extrator de mini-Winkler, cujo processo consistiu em retirar 1m² de serapilheira, peneirá-la e acondicioná-la em extratores de mini-Winkler para a obtenção da fauna. Foram coletadas 108 espécies, representantes de 31 gêneros, 18 tribos e oito subfamílias. Destas, a floresta nativa, apresentou 90 espécies coletadas, seguida pelo plantio de eucalipto, com 65 espécies, pelo plantio agrícola e pela pastagem exótica, com 20 espécies cada. ABSTRACTThis study aimed to report the registration of new ant species in Rio Grande do Sul state and thus to contribute to the knowledge about the ant fauna (Myrmecofauna). Collections were made in four different environments, namely, native forest, eucalyptus plantations, agricultural plantation and exotic pasture. We used the mini-Winkler method of extraction to collect the ants. We removed 1 square meter (1m²) of litter, sifted it and packed it in mini-Winkler extractors to obtain the fauna. We collected 108 species, which represent 31 genera, 18 tribes and 8 subfamilies. The native forest presented 90 collected species, the eucalyptus plantation presented 65 species, and the agricultural plantation and the exotic pasture presented 20 species each. We have registered for the first time the following species in the state of Rio Grande do Sul:
The production of urban solid waste is increasing, and, in Brazil, the organic waste comprises its majority. Proper treatment or disposal is much less applied to organic wastes, although these residues have the potential to generate biogas and biofertilizer. In this way, the C/N ratio was evaluated before and after the anaerobic digestion of the organic waste from a restaurant to verify the potential of this residue for use in biodigestion and to evaluate the effluent for the use as a biofertilizer. An anaerobic biodigester with a useful capacity of 120 L was used in a semi-continuous system with a mesophilic temperature. The C/N ratio of the affluent ranged from 19.9 to 33.2 and the effluent from 9.4 to 11.9. The data found in the literature and those of this work for the C / N ratio are in agreement. Therefore, the studied residue has potential for direct use with no need of correction of the C/N ratio for the used process, and the generated compost demonstrated the possibility of its use in fertilization.
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