Seven outbreaks and an isolated case of meningoencephalitis caused by bovine herpesvirus-5 (BoHV-5) in cattle in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, occurring in 2002-2004, are described. From a total population at risk of 1,359 cattle, 54 1-18-month-old calves from both sexes and several breeds were affected and 50 died spontaneously or were euthanatized while moribund. The highest frequency of cases was in recently weaned calves or calves submitted to other stressing factors. General rates of morbidity, mortality and lethality were respectively 3.97, 3.67 and 92.59%. Clinical courses varied from 3-10 days and included depression, nasal and ocular discharge, grinding of teeth, circling, blindness, fever, nistagmus, trembling, anorexia, dysphagia, drooling, incoordination, head pressing, rough hair coat, tachycardia, tachypnea, abdominal pain, melena, falls, recumbency, opisthotonus, convulsions and paddling. Nineteen calves were necropsied. Necropsy findings were characterized by hyperemia of leptomeninges, swollen rostral portions of the telencephalon, and flattening of frontal lobes gyri; frequently in these frontal areas there were segmental brown-yellow discoloration and softening (malacia) of the cortex. In cases with more protracted clinical courses there were extensive swelling, softening and hemorrhaging of the telencephalic frontal lobes. Microscopically, all affected cattle had a necrotizing non-suppurative meningoencephalitis with variable distribution among the 19 cases and among the various telencephalic regions of the same case. The severity of these changes were more marked, in decreasing order of intensity, in the telencephalic frontal cortex, basal ganglia (nuclei), thalamus, brain stem, parietal telencephalic cortex, occipital telencephalic cortex and cerebellum. Perivascular inflammatory infiltrate consisted predominantly of lymphocytes, plasm cells, and less frequently of neutrophils. Additional microscopic findings included variable degrees of gliosis, edema, neuronal necrosis in the telencephalic cortex characterized by shrinking and eosinophilia of perikaria and nuclear picnosis (red neuron); basophilic intranuclear inclusion bodies in astrocytes and neurons (21.05% of the cases); sattelitosis; and neuronophagia. The areas of softening in the cortical substance consisted of necrosis of the neuroctodermal elements with maintenance of mesenchymal structures (vessels and microglia), infiltrate of Gitter cells, and, in more severe cases, extensive hemorrhages. In chronic cases, only vascular structures and a few Gitter cells remained in the cortical area leaving a cavity between white matter and leptomeninges (residual lesion).INDEX TERMS: Bovine herpesvirus-5, BoHV-5, encephalitis, diseases of cattle, viral diseases, neuropathology.

Rhodococcus equi is an important pathogen of foals that causes severe pneumonia. To date, there is no licensed vaccine effective against R. equi pneumonia of foals. The objectives of our study were to develop an electron beam (eBeam) inactivated vaccine against R. equi and evaluate its immunogenicity. A dose of eBeam irradiation that inactivated replication of R. equi while maintaining outer cell wall integrity was identified. Enteral administration of eBeam inactivated R. equi increased interferon-γ production by peripheral blood mononuclear cells in response to stimulation with virulent R. equi and generated naso-pharyngeal R. equi-specific IgA in newborn foals. Our results indicate that eBeam irradiated R. equi administered enterally produce cell-mediated and upper respiratory mucosal immune responses, in the face of passively transferred maternal antibodies, similar to those produced in response to enteral administration of live organisms (a strategy which previously has been documented to protect foals against intrabronchial infection with virulent R. equi). No evidence of adverse effects was noted among vaccinated foals.

RESUMO RESUMO RESUMO RESUMO RESUMO.-São descritos a epidemiologia, os sinais clínicos e os achados de necropsia e histopatológicos observados em casos de febre catarral maligna (FCM), que ocorreram de 1973 a 2003 em bovinos de 15 fazendas no Rio Grande do Sul. Em nove ocasiões (60%), a doença ocorreu de forma esporádica, afetando 1-3 bovinos por rebanho, enquanto, em seis fazendas (40%), a FCM ocorreu de forma epizoótica, afetando vários bovinos em cada rebanho. As taxas de morbidade variaram de 2,4% a 20%, e as taxas de letalidade foram de 83,3% a 100%. Bovinos de todas as idades e ambos os sexos foram afetados. Nos casos em que foi possível obter essa informação (9 fazendas), sempre havia ovinos em contato com os bovinos afetados, e o maior número de casos de FCM ocorreu na primavera e verão. A doença clínica era aguda ou subaguda, e os sinais clínicos incluíam febre, corrimento nasal e ocular, conjuntivite, salivação excessiva, Febre catarral maligna em bovinos no Rio Grande do Sul: Febre catarral maligna em bovinos no Rio Grande do Sul: Febre catarral maligna em bovinos no Rio Grande do Sul: Febre catarral maligna em bovinos no Rio Grande do Sul: Febre catarral maligna em bovinos no Rio Grande do Sul: epidemiologia, sinais clínicos e patologia epidemiologia, sinais clínicos e patologia epidemiologia, sinais clínicos e patologia epidemiologia, sinais clínicos e patologia epidemiologia, sinais clínicos e patologia 1 The epidemiology, clinical signs, necropsy and histopathological findings in cases of malignant catarrhal fever (MCF) occurring in cattle from 15 farms in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, from 1973 to 2003, are described. In 9 instances (60%) the disease occurred as sporadic cases affecting 1-3 cattle whereas in six farms (40%) MCF occurred as epizootics involving several cattle in each affected herd. Morbidity rates ranged from 2.4% to 20% and lethality rates were 83.3% and 100%. Cattle of all ages and both sexes were affected. Where the information was available (9 farms) sheep were in contact with affected cattle and cases of MCF occurred more frequently in spring and summer. Clinical courses were acute or subacute and clinical signs included fever, nasal and ocular discharges, conjunctivitis, drooling, hematuria, necrosis and blunting of buccal papillae, enlargement of lymph nodes, diarrhea and neurological disturbances. Necropsy findings included opaque corneas, reddening, erosions and ulcerations in several mucous membranes of the alimentary, respiratory and urogenital tracts, and the conjunctiva; enlargement and haemorrhage of lymph nodes and multiple white foci in the renal cortices and in the hepatic portal triads. Crustous dermatitis was observed in some cases. Main histopathological findings included vasculitis, necrosis of the surface epithelia and accumulation of inflammatory cells in several organs. Vasculitis were associated with fibrinoid necrosis of the medial layer of arteries and inflammatory cells included lymphoblasts, lymphocytes, plasma cells and macrophages. hematúria, necrose das...

Numa pesquisa realizada em tecidos de 638 gatos necropsiados, foram encontrados 13 casos (2,03%) de peritonite infecciosa felina. Oito desses casos (61,53%) eram da forma efusiva ou úmida, e 5 apresentavam a forma seca ou não-efusiva da doença. A idade dos gatos afetados variou de 2 meses a 3 anos. Doze gatos (92,30%) eram de raças puras, cinco deles (38,47%) eram oriundos de ambientes onde havia mais de um gato e três eram provenientes de um mesmo gatil. A duração da doença clínica foi de 7 a 45 dias e os sinais clínicos incluíram emagrecimento, anorexia, diarréia, icterícia, vômito, linfadenopatia e distúrbios neurológicos. Os achados de necropsia na forma úmida incluíam excesso de líquido viscoso (50ml a 1 litro), translúcido ou levemente opaco na cavidade peritoneal e, em um caso, na cavidade torácica. Exsudato fibrinoso cobria as superfícies serosas dos órgãos abdominais dando-lhes aspecto granular e brancacento. Na forma seca, havia múltiplos focos granulomatosos sob a superfície serosa e para o interior do parênquima de órgãos abdominais; esses achados eram particularmente proeminentes nos rins. Opacidade de córnea foi observada em um gato. Histologicamente, havia graus variáveis de vasculite e perivasculite piogranulomatosa, particularmente em arteríolas. Meningite ou meningoencefalite piogranulomatosa foram observadas em três gatos com a forma seca de peritonite infecciosa felina.

Meningoencefalite granulomatosa foi observada em 7 de 8 vacas leiteiras adultas afetadas por doença granulomatosa sistêmica associada ao consumo de ervilhaca, embora nenhum dos bovinos afetados apresentasse sinais de distúrbios nervosos. Os infiltrados inflamatórios localizavam-se nas leptomeninges e como manguitos perivasculares no interior do encéfalo; consistiam de macrófagos epitelióides, linfócitos, plasmócitos e eosinófilos. Essas alterações inflamatórias variavam de leves a acentuadas de animal para animal e entre diferentes regiões do encéfalo de um mesmo animal. Geralmente, os manguitos perivasculares eram mais acentuados que os infiltrados nas leptomeninges. As regiões do encéfalo afetadas, em ordem decrescente de intensidade, diencéfalo através da massa intermedia; mesencéfalo na altura dos colículos rostrais; ponte e pedúnculos cerebelares, bulbo na altura do óbex, lobo frontal na altura do joelho do corpo caloso e cerebelo. O tipo e a distribuição das alterações inflamatórias são enfatizados em relação ao diagnóstico diferencial de outras doenças e lesões do sistema nervoso central de bovinos no contexto do programa brasileiro de vigilância para a encefalopatia espongiforme bovina.