Many studies show that the human microbiome plays a critical role in the chronic pathologies of obesity, inflammatory bowel diseases, and diabetes. More recently, the interaction between cancer and the microbiome has been highlighted. Most studies have focused on the gut microbiota because it represents the most extensive bacterial community, and the body of evidence correlating it with gut syndromes is increasing. However, in the strict sense, the gastrointestinal (GI) tract begins in the oral cavity, and special attention should be paid to the specific flora of this cavity. This study reviewed the current knowledge about the various microbial ecosystems of the upper part of the GI tract and discussed their potential link to carcinogenesis. The overall composition of the microbial communities, as well as the presence or absence of "key species", in relation to carcinogenesis is addressed. Alterations in the oral microbiota can potentially be used to predict the risk of cancer. Molecular advances and the further monitoring of the microbiota will increase our understanding of the role of the microbiota in carcinogenesis and open new perspectives for future therapeutic and prophylactic modalities.Key words: upper aerodigestive, microbiome, oral cavity, carcinogenesis.Résumé : Plusieurs études montrent que le microbiome humain joue un rôle essentiel dans les pathologies chroniques que sont l'obésité, les maladies inflammatoires de l'intestin et le diabète. Plus récemment, l'interaction entre le cancer et le microbiome a été soulignée. La plupart des études se sont concentrées sur le microbiote intestinal car il représente la communauté bactérienne la plus étendue, et l'ensemble des preuves le corrélant avec les syndromes de l'intestin est en croissance. Cependant, au sens strict, le tractus gastro-intestinal (GI) commence dans la cavité orale et une attention spéciale devrait être portée à la flore spécifique de cette cavité. Cette étude fait la synthèse des connaissances actuelles relatives à divers écosystèmes microbiens de la partie supérieure du tractus GI et discute de leur lien potentiel à la carcinogenèse. La composition globale des communautés microbiennes, de même que la présence ou l'absence « d'espèces clés » relativement à la carcinogenèse sont soulevées. Des modifications du microbiote oral peuvent potentiellement être utilisées pour prédire les risques de cancer. Les percées moléculaires et la surveillance accrue du microbiote accroitront notre compréhension du rôle du microbiote dans la carcinogenèse et ouvriront de nouvelles perspectives en vue de modalités thérapeutiques et prophylactiques futures. [Traduit par la Rédaction]
Most studies on fracture morphology of fresh or dry bones, specifically skull bones, have a limited focus, and they are often based on observations rather than experimental tests. This study characterized pig cranial fractures sustained under known impact conditions. An impact machine (mobile carriage guided by columns) was used to perform a fracture on each skull. Impacts were performed at the same energy level on fresh and dry bones, with two types of impactor: a sharp striker (n = 50) and a blunt striker (n = 50). We found distinct features under different conditions, including osseous flakes on fresh bones, 90° fracture angles on dry bones, and more fractures with greater fragmentation on dry bones. These features highlighted the effects of time on perimortem fracture characteristics and the importance of bone storage conditions in the study of fracture genesis.
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