The objective of the present study was to investigate the impact of considering population structure in cow genotyping strategies over the accuracy and bias of genomic predictions. A small dairy cattle population was simulated to address these objectives. Based on four main traditional designs (random, top‐yield, extreme‐yield and top‐accuracy cows), different numbers (1,000; 2,000 and 5,000) of cows were sampled and included in the reference population. Traditional designs were replicated considering or not population structure and compared among and with a reference population containing only bulls. The inclusion of cows increased accuracy in all scenarios compared with using only bulls. Scenarios accounting for population structure when choosing cows to the reference population slightly outperformed their traditional versions by yielding higher accuracy and lower bias in genomic predictions. Building a cow‐based reference population from groups of related individuals considering the frequency of individuals from those same groups in the validation population yielded promising results with applications on selection for expensive‐ or difficult‐to‐measure traits. Methods here presented may be easily implemented in both new or already established breeding programs, as they improved prediction and reduced bias in genomic evaluations while demanding no additional costs.

Abstract. This paper describes a Java-based communication middleware, called AspectJRMI, that applies aspect-oriented programming concepts to achieve the following requirements: (1) modular implementation of its features, including those with a crosscutting behavior; (2) high degree of configurability and adaptability; (3) performance similar to conventional object-oriented communication middleware systems, such as CORBA and Java RMI. In AspectJRMI, users may explicitly select the features provided by the middleware infrastructure, according to their needs. Most of these features have a crosscutting behavior, including interceptors, oneway calls, asynchronous calls, value-result parameter passing, and collocation optimizations. In this case, they are implemented as aspects. The design of AspectJRMI follows a set of principles, called horizontal decomposition, to achieve pluggability of aspects to the core middleware implementation. This paper presents the programming interface and the implementation of AspectJRMI. It also presents experimental results of its performance.

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Os requisitos de um software podem sofrer manutenções significativas durante o processo de desenvolvimento. Essas manutenções podem apresentar um custo elevado na medida em que o processo evolui, tanto por conta da complexidade em manter a rastreabilidade entre os requisitos, quanto por causa do impacto que uma alteração em um deles possa causar nos demais. Este trabalho propõe a geração automática de um grafo de requisitos através do mapeamento do grafo de dependências de módulos de uma aplicação e os requisitos por eles satisfeitos. Com isso, é possível utilizar os relacionamentos entre os módulos para manter a rastreabilidade entre os requisitos, permitindo apontar o impacto que a alteração em um deles possa causar nos demais. Um estudo de caso com 34 módulos e 24 requisitos é apresentado para exemplificar a técnica proposta.