Freshwater monitoring globally is fundamental to support decision-making. However, long-term hydrological data for some regions are lacking due to limited of observational networks. Remote sensing products come to aggregate the in situ observations and overcome obstacles about data availability. This study assesses the hydrological mass losses in the Northeast Atlantic Eastern Hydrographic Region (NAEHR) in Brazil through temporal data sources. GRACE RL06 Mascon solutions, reservoirs volume, vegetation index and rainfall stations are used. The results confirm the cohesion between the TWS variations with water volume and NDVI, obtaining a strong correlation of 0.78 and 0.77 respectively. The Standardized Precipitation Index scales (12, 24 and 36 months) showed a moderate and strong correlation with the TWS of 0.57, 0.73 and 0.72 respectively and identified the last regional severe drought from 2012 to 2017. The NEAHR is located almost entirely in the Brazilian semiarid region, comprises about 24 million inhabitants, it is high vulnerable to drought, thus justifying the importance of monitoring its water resources availability.
Entre os fatores antrópicos que atuam na alta vulnerabilidade para formação de ilhas de calor estão a relação com a densidade populacional e as mudanças no uso do solo. Neste estudo de caso destaca-se que a cidade do Recife possuí uma alta densidade populacional. O objetivo geral desta pesquisa é analisar as variações do índice de vegetação e a temperatura da superfície para identificar a influência dos mesmos na formação de ilhas de calor. Como materiais são utilizadas imagens multiespectrais temporais (Landsat 5-TM e Landsat 8-OLI) abrangendo os anos de 1989 a 2019. Os principais resultados encontrados são: (i) o ano de 2019 com temperaturas mais elevadas, chegando a regiões com 37°C; (ii) em 1989 os valores mais altos foram de 32°C; (iii) em termos de área, a cidade do Recife sofreu um crescimento de 34% para temperaturas acima de 33°C e obteve um decréscimo de 44% considerando temperaturas mais amenas; (iv) os valores da cobertura vegetal sofreram mudanças representativas como o crescimento de 15% no índice de solo exposto, e a redução de 18% do índice de vegetação média; (v) as correlações de Spearman indicam que existem uma forte relação inversamente proporcional entre os dois parâmetros avaliados (temperatura e índice de vegetação), com valores de -0,72 para 1989 e -0,59 para 2019. Por fim, foi possível detectar o processo de formação das ilhas de calor, bem como as ilhas de frescor, observando um aumento na temperatura superficial principalmente onde o processo de urbanização se intensificou no decorrer do tempo.
This work presents the influence of the spatial resolution on precipitation samples to understand extreme events in the Agreste region of Pernambuco, northeast of Brazil. Among the materials used, the following sources of precipitation data (1998 to 2019) can be cited: The Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM), the Climatic Research Unit (CRU), and weather stations. In the process of validating the precipitation time series with the weather stations, the TRMM data showed a strong Pearson correlation (0.86 -0.90) and the CRU data a moderate one (0.71 -0.76). The relative bias (RB) and the standard deviation of observation ratio (RSR) were also calculated to identify the data's trend, which showed an overestimation for both sources. The extreme events were identified through the calculation of the Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI), where the TRMM with strong correlation (0.80 -0.91) obtained a better performance than the CRU data. The TRMM data were selected to understand the extreme drought events in the study area, where the cities with altitudes above 500m obtained maximum values of probability of occurrence with 19%. Conversely, for extreme humidity events, the maximum was 14% for those with altitudes below 200m.
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