Abstract. The urgency of accelerating disaster risk resilience also promotes preferred systematic reviews of the methods for design and evaluation of risk transfer tools. This paper aims to provide a state-of-art weather index insurance design, thereby including methods for natural hazards’ indices calculation, vulnerability assessment and risk pricing. We applied the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) using the Scopus database. First, 364 peer-reviewed articles from 2010 to present were screened for a bibliometric analysis and then, the 34 most cited articles from the past five years were systematically analyzed. Our results demonstrate that despite a great research effort on index insurance, the majority of them focused on food insecurity through agricultural and crop insurance. Also, climate change and basis risks were found highly relevant for weather index insurance, but weakly developed, suggesting challenges around food insecurity. Special focus was given to drought hazards, while other hazards such as temperature variation, excessive rainfall and wildfires were slightly covered. Emerging areas, namely agricultural, hydrological, and sustainable index insurance found promissory for insurance. Also, current state-of-the-art lacks methods for incorporating multi-hazard risk evaluation in vulnerability assessment and risk pricing. Most studies considered only single-hazard risk, and the multi-hazard risk studies assumed independence between hazards. Thus, we summarized the most common methods for calculating indices, estimating losses using indices, pricing risks, and evaluating insurance index policies. This review promotes a starting point in weather index insurance design towards a multi-hazard resilient society.

Resumopresente artigo mostra uma metodologia de análise de fatores externos e internos que as empresas de real estate residencial podem considerar na tomada de decisões em nível estratégico para a definição de seu âmbito de atuação geográfico. No trabalho são estruturados os elementos que devem ser avaliados num processo de internacionalização, a partir de uma análise de abordagem SWOT, utilizando um caso específico, como o de empresas brasileiras de real estate, visando ao mercado residencial da Costa Rica. Dessa análise foram obtidas 12 forças e 10 fraquezas do ambiente interno das empresas de real estate residencial, e 24 oportunidades e 20 ameaças do mercado costarriquenho. O estudo foi complementado com a valoração desses elementos por parte de 11 empresas do setor residencial brasileiro. Da pesquisa concluiu-se que um mapeamento das generalidades e particularidades de um possível mercado a ser explorado e dos elementos econômicos, político-sociais e culturais do país desse mercado pode orientar as empresas de real estate residencial na tomada de decisões, avaliando tais condições segundo suas forças (competências e habilidades) e fraquezas. Neste estudo, as empresas brasileiras entrevistadas mostraram uma resposta negativa a um possível deslocamento para o mercado-alvo, por elementos como o tamanho dele, entraves no sistema financeiro, carência de algum conhecimento sobre esse mercado e destrezas internas para ampliar o foco habitual de atuação. Palavras

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Abstract. Ensuring food security against climate risks has been a growing challenge recently. Weather index insurance has been pointed out as a tool for increasing the financial resilience of food production. However, the multi-hazard insurance design needs to be better understood. This paper aims to review weather index insurance design for food security resilience, including the methodology for calculating natural hazards' indices, vulnerability assessment, and risk pricing. We searched for relevant research papers in the Scopus database using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) protocol. Initially, 364 peer-reviewed papers from 1 January 2010 to 19 February 2022 were screened for bibliometric analysis. Then, the 26 most relevant papers from the last 5 years were systematically analyzed. Our results demonstrate that despite a significant research effort on index insurance, most papers focused on food production. However, research considering other aspects of food security, such as transportation, storage, and distribution, is lacking. Most research focuses on droughts. Other hazards, such as extreme temperature variation, excessive rainfall, and wildfires, were poorly covered. Most studies considered only single-hazard risk, and the multi-hazard risk studies assumed independence between hazards, neglecting the synergy hypothesis between hazards. Lastly, we proposed a conceptual framework that illustrates design paths for a generalized weather index insurance design and evaluation. Solutions for addressing multi-hazard problems are considered. An illustrative example demonstrates the importance of testing the multi-hazard risk hypothesis for weather-based index insurance design for soybean production in Brazil.

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