Resumo O objetivo deste trabalho foi selecionar os indicadores de qualidade de solo mais relacionados à degradação de pastagens, e estabelecer os limites de diferentes níveis de degradação a partir desses indicadores. Cinco pastagens sobre Latossolo Vermelho-Amarelo foram selecionadas, em terço médio da encosta, com diferentes níveis visuais de degradação, tendo-se considerado as variáveis: perda de vigor, presença de espécies espontâneas, solo exposto e erosão. Avaliou-se a cobertura do solo, e coletaram-se amostras nas profundidades de 0,00-0,05, 0,05-0,10 e 0,10-0,20 m, para as análises físicas, químicas e de matéria orgânica. Diferentemente da classificação visual, a análise de agrupamento das variáveis de cobertura indicou apenas dois níveis de degradação: de baixo a moderado e de alto a muito alto, com percentual de classificações corretas acima de 87% na análise discriminante, em que o solo exposto foi a variável mais assertiva para discriminar os níveis de degradação. A matéria orgânica leve e o componente Ca+Mg foram os indicadores de qualidade mais relacionados aos índices de degradação de pastagens à profundidade de 0,00-0,05 m; enquanto o teor de potássio foi o indicador mais relacionado aos índices às profundidades de 0,05-0,10 e 0,10-0,20 m.
RESUMO:A escassez de água tornou-se um dos graves problemas mundiais. Nos últimos anos tem-se pensado sobre fontes alternativas de água como água da chuva e as chamadas águas cinzas. Porém, além de novas alternativas, a educação ambiental é condição necessária para modificar um quadro de crescente degradação socioambiental e junto a ela, a percepção ambiental é fundamental para o reconhecimento do saber e do que condiciona os comportamentos de um indivíduo ou um grupo em relação ao meio ambiente. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a percepção de alunos do quarto e quinto ano de escola do ensino fundamental, quanto à preservação e economia de água. Desenvolveu-se atividades com crianças do quarto e quinto ano da Escola Municipal de Ensino Fundamental Francisco de Souza Ramos em fevereiro de 2011 com palestra utilizando apresentação em Powerpoint. Ao final da palestra, aplicou-se questionários com perguntas objetivas e subjetivas. Das 79 crianças 70,8% perceberam a real distribuição da água na Terra e 67% responderam que é necessário preservar este recurso. Em relação à atividades que visem a economia, 92,4% tiveram consciência destes recursos. Assim como, 86% responderam que água pode ser reutilizada e 75,9% responderam que utilizariam um filtro biológico. Desta forma, os alunos demonstraram elevada percepção do que seria a economia de água e a preservação deste insumo. PALAVRAS-CHAVE:educação ambiental, escassez de água, fontes alternativas, percepção ambiental. PERCEPTION OF STUDENTS OF ELEMENTARY EDUCATION SCHOOL FRANCISCO DE SOUZA RAMOS, AS TO THE PRESERVATION AND WATER SAVINGABSTRACT: Water shortage has become one of the serious global problems. In recent years it has been thought about alternative sources of water like rainwater and greywater. However, in addition to new alternatives, environmental education is a necessary condition for modifying a framework of growing socio-environmental degradation and with it, environmental awareness is crucial for the recognition of knowledge and that affects the behavior of an individual or group in relation the environment. The aim of this study was to evaluate the students' perception of the fourth and fifth year of elementary school, for the preservation and saving water. Developed activities with the children of the fourth and fifth years of the Francisco de Souza Ramos Elementary School in February 2011 with a lecture using PowerPoint presentation. At the end of the lecture was applied questionnaires with objective and subjective questions. Of the 79 children 70.8% realize to the real distribution of water on Earth and 67% responded that it is necessary to preserve this resource. In relation to activities aimed at the economy, 92.4% were aware of these resources. As well as 86% responded that water can be reused and 75.9% said they would use a biological filter. Thus, students
RESUMO: Com intuito de avaliar propriedades físicas e químicas do solo, submetido a diferentes manejos, em propriedade agrícola familiar do sudeste paraense, coletou-se amostras de solo em áreas de mata primária (MP), pastagem com leguminosas (PL) e pastagem solteira (PS) em duas profundidades (0 a 5 e 5 a 10 cm ANALYSIS OF PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF SOIL UNDER DIFFERENT MANAGEMENTS IN SOUTHEAST OF PARA STATE ABSTRACT:In order to assess physical and chemical soil properties under different managements, on the family farm, in southeast of Para state, it was collected soil samples in areas of primary forest (PF), pasture with legumes (PL) and single pasture (SP) at two depths (0 to 5 and 5 to 10 cm). Physical analyzes: particle size, Dp, Ds and Ptotal, as well as chemical analysis: pH in water, Al 3+ , Ca 2+ , Mg 2+ and exchangeable Na + , K + and P, H+Al and TOC. To test the significance of differences between treatment means, we applied the Tukey test at 5% probability, making use of completely randomized design with three treatment (PF, PL and SP) and three replications, the depths were studied separately. SP showed higher values for DS and Ptotal for depth 0 to 5 cm. However, the depth 5 to 10 cm, PL and SP did not differ for these attributes. PL had the highest value for soil pH and also lower values for Al 3+ and H+Al. There was no significant difference between treatments, and depth, for P, K + , Ca 2+ , Mg 2+ . Na + has differed only in the first depth, with PF having the highest value. PF presented the highest value to TOC.
Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) assists in investigating functional groups of soil organic matter (SOM). However, the use of this tool is impaired given the low organic carbon levels and high content of oxides in tropical soils, resulting in low quality spectra and in turn requiring the use of hydrofluoric acid (HF). The objective of this study was to verify the efficiency of using HF in removing the mineral fraction and to increase the C concentration to enable visualizing the bands related to SOM in infrared spectra in soil samples under forest system. The HF treatment was efficient in removing mineral components and proportionally increasing C. The FTIR with HF enabled identifying differences between coarse and fine fractions. The spectra of the HF samples showed that the coarse fractions presented bands related to aromatic material and the fine fractions presented more labile components, with the absence of more recalcitrant components.
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