This paper presents an innovative application of the Integrated Asset Model (IAM) approach for simulating a surface network collecting many fields on production and multiple constraints, using a last-generation High-Resolution Reservoir Simulator (HRRS) applied to low-permeability reservoirs and complex wells models. The reservoir models are directly coupled by a Field Manager (FM) process to an external network simulator. The presented approach is flexible and highly efficient, using the logic of a modern High-Resolution Reservoir Simulator integrated within a unique IAM model, where the network simulator acts as a cyclic constraints updater for the independent reservoirs in order to continuously account for flow assurance effects. The proposed method relies on HRRS modularity, characterized by the possibility of integrating a Field Manager process with multiple reservoirs simulation processes: for each time step, the former provides updated pressure constraints at Tubing Head and well allocations according to the defined strategy, the latter solves the reservoir equations for each model. The FM acts as an orchestrator for a variety of reservoirs and network simulation instances, allowing to change reservoir and network simulator type without modifying the development strategy. The network simulator computes pressure drops and temperature along the pipelines by appropriate multiphase correlations, tuned against the available measured data. The proposed flexible IAM approach was preliminary tested on a single reservoir model to optimize the computational efficiency with respect to the needed process details in terms of memory usage and simulation run-time. Then, the methodology was implemented on the full asset: three low-permeability reservoirs with horizontal multi-fractured wells interconnected to a complex surface network, constrained by limited gas market demand and zero flaring policy. The IAM approach provided a flexible method to analyze different development options and wells/pipelines routing configurations to maximize oil production, improving asset gas management. As a result, the three dynamic models were successfully coupled, honoring overall asset and facilities constraints. The comparison between the resulting production profiles with the standalone model simulations, constrained by fixed minimum Tubing Head Pressure (THP), clearly shows the effectiveness of the proposed IAM approach: being the THP calculated in IAM according to the actual flow conditions, the proposed methodology resulted in a strong improvement especially during tail-end production phase that impacts ultimate recovery and reserves estimation. With the proposed approach, the asset performance could be properly evaluated by correctly taking into account the backpressure of the multiple interdependent platforms. Moreover, the application of HRRS enables to run the reservoir simulations in an efficient way on a High Performance Computing (HPC) cluster to speed up the overall process.

In recent years, carbon neutrality has emerged as an important social and political focus globally, where carbon sequestration plays a key role. The present work is aimed at introducing ASCAPE (Aquifer Storage CAPacity Evaluation tool), a fast and flexible tool useful in case of CO2 aquifer sequestration to preliminarily evaluate the required storage capacity as a function of the maximum allowable pressure increment. ASCAPE is based on the volumetric method included in SPE "Guidelines for Applications of the CO2 Storage Resources Management System" (SPE, 2020) for aquifer sequestration. The analytical formula was integrated to include additional physical phenomena as CO2 solubility in water, pressure control through water production, effect of gas pools connected to aquifer. The tool, implemented in Excel/VBA environment, allows to easily obtain a theoretical Pressure increment vs. Aquifer Volume curve useful to estimate the required aquifer volume to store a given quantity of CO2. ASCAPE results were validated comparing to a simplified 3D model simulated by a compositional commercial dynamic simulator. The validation showed a very good alignment with the 3D dynamic simulation results under several conditions. Many tests were performed with and without the CO2 solubility model, demonstrating that this phenomenon acts as pressure increment reducer. The original volumetric model can be therefore considered slightly conservative, since it neglects this physical contribution, which allowed to improve the reliability of the proposed analytical model. The proposed methodology is a general-purpose application being not related to a specified candidate and, therefore, it can be tailored on the specific scenario to be evaluated. ASCAPE was developed for preliminary screening of CO2 sequestration concepts in greenfield development areas, where the absence of brown or exhausted fields makes the storage in aquifer the only viable solution. Different aquifers were compared under certain assumptions of carbon to be stored with and without water production, allowing a preliminary evaluation that will be used to rank the concepts in terms of technical/economic feasibility.