Arterial venous malformations (AVM) of the uterus are uncommon entities and should be considered in patients who present with profuse genital bleeding. There are two types of uterine AVM: acquired and congenital. Acquired uterine AVMs are conformed by communications between the uterine arteries and the myometrial veins, and are caused by an iatrogenic event or a pathological condition. Congenital AVMs are the result of abnormal development of primitive vessels that result in connections between pelvic arteries and veins in the uterus without an interconnecting capillary bed. Ultrasonography is a noninvasive diagnostic method able to demonstrate and characterize AVMs of the uterus. AVM in the pelvis may be noted incidentally by computed tomography (CT) of the pelvis, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is frequently used to confirm and further characterize the sonographic findings of uterine AVM. Catheter angiography and embolization are very effective in defining the vascular anatomy and treating uterine vascular abnormalities.

Vascular malformations of the kidney are disease processes that involve renal veins and arteries and include congenital arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) and arteriovenous fistulas. AVMs are congenital communications between arteries and veins with a vascular nidus that bypass the capillary bed. Congenital AVMs are rare and subclassified in cirsoid, angiomatous, and aneurysmal types. Congenital AVMs are different from iatrogenic or traumatic arteriovenous fistulas (AVF), which are characterized by a single direct communication between an artery and a vein without an intervening vascular nidus. These lesions may present with a wide range of signs and symptoms that vary from hypertension to renal masses. Imaging is valuable in the detection and characterization of AVM and AVF. The presence of arteriovenous shunting characterizes AVM and AVF. These lesions represent an important group of entities for diagnostic consideration, and understanding the vascular anatomy helps in guiding for proper treatment. This article describes the imaging features of each lesion that help to differentiate it from the others and the endovascular therapies to treat these vascular processes and their possible complications.

Of 29 patients who had ablation of hepatic tumors adjacent to the diaphragm, five (17%) had diaphragmatic injury, which was clinically apparent with right shoulder pain.

Biologic and technical factors may predispose to shunt failure. The combination of improved technique and expandable PTFE has significantly improved TIPS patency. The need for follow-up venography and secondary interventions has been reduced significantly as a result of improved shunt patency.