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Background: Addiction is one of the most complex diseases of the century that for it's treatment various methods have been proposed. In this regard, one of the non-pharmacological methods with a profound effect on drug withdrawal involves the participation of addicted individuals in a 12-step anonymous addiction recovery program. The purpose of this study was to compare the sustained remission from drug addiction among individuals taking part in an anonymous recovery program and those attending a rehabilitation center for drug withdrawal. Methods: This descriptive study was conducted on 300 participants (150 individuals of the anonymous recovery program and 150 patients of the rehabilitation center) in Mashhad, Iran, using a random sampling technique. Data collection tool was a researcher-made questionnaire consisting of two parts, namely demographic information and information related to sustained remission from drug addiction in the attendees of the two groups. Results: The obtained results indicated that there was a significant difference between the two groups in term of withdrawal from drug abuse  (χ2 = 0.08; P < 0.001). Addiction resumption occurred in 40.7, 48.4, and 10.9% of cases in the first, second, and third months, respectively. Regarding addiction relapses, 42% and 70% of patients in the rehabilitation and anonymous groups failed to accomplish the recovery, respectively. Regarding sustained remission from drug addiction among the investigated subjects, 40% of the cases in the anonymous addict group and 51.6% of individuals in the rehabilitation canter could persistently withdraw from drug abuse for more than  6 and 3 months, respectively.  Accordingly, there was a significant difference between the two groups in terms of sustained remission from drug addiction (χ2 = 0.08; P < 0.001). Conclusion: On the basis of the obtained results, it can be concluded that attendance to anonymous addict meetings can be a useful strategy to continue the addiction withdrawal after the detoxification period.

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Background: Today, there are various methods to deal with anxiety caused by surgery. Peer education through interpersonal interaction improves morale and thus reduces people's anxiety and also acts as a mediator between the patient and the medical staff. Materials and methods: A total of 60 patients were selected through simple sampling method and according to the inclusion criteria and randomly divided into two groups of intervention and control. After matching the peers, the training of the intervention group members who were on the surgical list was started by one of each peer under the supervision of the researcher. The control group also benefited from routine hospital training. Data collection tools included two questionnaires, including demographic information and Spielberger anxiety scale. Data were analyzed using SPSS 24 software. Results: The results of independent t-test with a significance level of 0.05 showed that there was no significant difference between the mean of pre-training anxiety in the two groups (p= 0.82). Postoperative anxiety showed a significant difference between intervention and control groups (p<0.001). Conclusion:The results of this study indicate that peer education has a positive effect on reducing patients' anxiety. Health professionals are always looking for solutions to use and implement it to save time and costs of hospitalization and improve the quality of care services. Awareness of the importance and impact of peer education in reducing patients 'anxiety and the economics of this type of education provides the necessary conditions for the use of peers in reducing patients' problems.

Background and Objective: There is no standard questionnaire on smoking cessation in smokers according to precaution adoption process model (PAPM). Therefore, the present study aimed to design and psychometrically evaluate a smoking cessation instrument in patients hospitalized in Babol, Iran, according to PAPM. Materials and Methods: This was a cross-sectional descriptive and instrument validation study. In this study, 470 smokers hospitalized in hospitals affiliated to the Medical University of Babol, Iran, were selected based on the available sampling method. Those who were highly dependent on nicotine were selected. The designed questionnaire was examined in terms of face validity, content validity, construct validity, and internal consistency. The reliability of the questionnaire was examined using Cronbach's alpha and internal consistency. Results: Most of the people were with moderate dependence on nicotine (86%) at the fourth level (28.9%) of the pattern. The results of content validity showed content validity ratio of 0.83 and content validity index of 0.98. Seven factors were extracted from exploratory factor analysis. The results of exploratory factor analysis according to Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin measure and Bartlett test were 0.93 and 1124.63, respectively. The results of confirmatory factor analysis of instruments for 470 subjects were extracted with X 2 and degree of freedom of 2.86, mean of error square of 0.06, goodness of fit index of 0.9, and adaptive goodness of fit of 0.9 Cronbach's alpha (0.93) and correlation (0.99) confirmed the reliability of instrument in test-retest method. Conclusion: The findings showed that smoking cessation instrument based on PAPM has acceptable reliability and validity to determine the behavior of smoking in smoker men and can be used in studies on change in behavior and designing intervention programs to stop smoking.