Rationale and Objectives Hyposmia/anosmia is common among patients with COVID-19. Various imaging modalities have been used to assess olfactory dysfunction in COVID-19. In this systematic review, we sought to categorize and summarize the imaging data in COVID-19-induced anosmia. Material and Methods Eligible articles were included after a comprehensive review using online databases including Google scholar, Scopus, PubMed, Web of science and Elsevier. Duplicate results, conference abstracts, reviews, and studies in languages other than English were excluded. Results In total, 305 patients undergoing MRI/functional MRI (177), CT of paranasal sinuses (129), and PET/CT or PET/MRI scans ( 14 ) were included. Out of a total of 218 findings reported on MRI, 80 were reported on early (≤ 1 month) and 85 on late (> 1 month) imaging in relation to the onset of anosmia. Overall, OB morphology and T2-weighted or FLAIR signal intensity were normal in 68/218 (31.2%), while partial or complete opacification of OC was observed in 60/218 (27.5%). T2 hyperintensity in OB was detected in 11/80 (13.75%) and 18/85 (21.17%) on early and late imaging, respectively. Moreover, OB atrophy was reported in 1/80 (1.25%) on early and in 9/85 (10.58%) on late imaging. Last, among a total of 129 CT scans included, paranasal sinuses were evalualted in 88 (68.21%), which were reported as normal in most cases (77/88, [87.5%]). Conclusion In this systematic review, normal morphology and T2/FLAIR signal intensity in OB and OC obstruction were the most common findings in COVID-19-induced anosmia, while paranasal sinuses were normal in most cases. OC obstruction is the likely mechanism for olfactory dysfunction in COVID-19. Abnormalities in OB signal intensity and OB atrophy suggest that central mechanisms may also play a role in late stage in COVID-19-induced anosmia.

Postoperative pyoderma gangrenosum (PPG) is an unusual clinical entity, which shows rapidly progressive skin necrosis that can occur within surgical sites after any surgical procedure. Usually, it is diagnosed as wound infection at the time of presentation, but antibiotic therapy and wound debridement fail to arrest rapid ulcer enlargement. We report the case of PPG in a 21-year-old woman after a reduction mammoplasty surgery. In this report, we emphasise the importance of considering pyoderma gangrenosum (PG) as one of the differential diagnoses of breast ulcers after surgical procedures. Careful clinical assessment may establish an early diagnosis and prevent potential serious complications.

Introduction:To systematically review high-quality randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and meta-analysis on the effectiveness of use of ibuprofen and low-level laser therapy (LLLT) for pain control during fixed orthodontic appliance therapy. Materials and methods:A web-based systematic search of PubMed and Medline database using relevant keywords was performed in August 2016 limited to the English language studies. Based on inclusion and exclusion criteria, RCTs utilizing blind approach were selected. The quality of studies was analyzed and only high-quality studies were included. Following data extraction, meta-analysis was performed by standardized mean difference Hedges' (adjusted) g with 95% confidence interval.Results: A total number of six studies (four ibuprofen and two LLLT) comprising 315 patients were included. Heterogeneity among ibuprofen studies was small, while large heterogeneity was found among LLLT studies. The results showed that both ibuprofen and LLLT could reduce pain intensity during fixed orthodontic therapy and during 17 days follow-up period. However, this reduction was statistically significant only at 6 to 24 hours postoperatively for ibuprofen and 2 hours and 3 to 7 days for LLLT (p < 0.05). Conclusion:Considering the limitations of the current metaanalysis, ibuprofen could alleviate orthodontic archwire activation pain during the 1st day with relatively high level of evidence.

Background: Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the causes of death in the world and Iran. Screening reduces the risk of CRC mortality. The rate of CRC screening is low among Iranian adults. Objectives: The aim of this study was to identify factors influencing Iranian adults' decision about CRC screening. Methods: This qualitative study was conducted in Hamadan, Iran, between January and April 2015. The data were collected through 10 focus group discussions with 61 people, who had not undergone screening tests. The purposive sampling method was used in this study. We audiotaped and transcribed the interviews and extracted major themes from the data. Results: The mean age of the participants was 54.92 ± 8.21 years old. We identified 6 themes across the focus groups, including 1, awareness and knowledge; 2, financial problems; 3, low priority of health concerns; 4, fear of detection of cancer; 5, problems related to the nature of CRC screening tests; and 6, mistrust in the health care system. Conclusions: The findings of this study provide insight into the factors influencing CRC screening among Iranian adults and can help policy makers and health planners in designing effective interventions for increasing CRC screening rates.

Cosmetic tattooing has become a risk factor for several adverse reactions related to inks, procedures, and associated clinical conditions. Development of a sarcoid reaction to the inserted tattoo pigment in the skin is not common. We report a 45 year-old patient with history of dyspnea and mild cough since two years who had subsequently developed reddish, scaly lesions in her 15-year old tattoo done near her right eyebrow. Skin biopsy of the tattoo lesion revealed cutaneous sarcoidosis which led to further investigations and a diagnosis of pulmonary sarcoidosis. The present case highlights the fact that cutaneous sarcoidosis can develop in a long-standing tattoo. Also such a patient should be screened for systemic sarcoidosis disease.