Baddeley's grammatical reasoning test is a quick and efficient measure of fluid reasoning which is commonly used in research on cognitive abilities and the impact of stresses and environmental factors on cognitive performance. The test, however, is verbal and can only be used with native speakers of English. In this study, we adapted the test for application in the Persian language using a different pair of verbs and geometrical shapes instead of English letters. The adapted test had high internal consistency and retest reliability estimates. It also had an excellent fit to a one-factor confirmatory factor model and correlated acceptably with other measures of fluid intelligence and participants' grade point average (GPA).

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The C-Test is a gap-filling test belonging to the family of the reduced redundancy tests which is used as an overall measure of general language proficiency in a second or a native language. There is no consensus on the construct underlying the C-Test and many researchers are still puzzled by what is actually activated when examinees take a C-Test. The purpose of the present study is to cast light on this issue by examining the factors that contribute to C-Test item difficulty. A number of factors were selected and entered into regression model to predict item difficulty. Linear logistic test model was also used to support the results of regression analysis. Findings showed that the selected factors only explained 12 per cent of the variance in item difficulty estimates. Implications of the study for C-Test validity and application are discussed.