Landslide hazard assessment is carried out for the slope failures along the 12km road-cut between Biyara-Tawella which is considered a crucial road connecting the Iraq-Kurdistan region with the Iranian border; in the meantime, it is an important tourist route during the summer and spring season. Slope stability assessments consist of twenty-four stations were done include a regional survey of slopes and a detailed discontinuity assessment was performed along the outcropped rock units represented by the highly deformed Qulqula Formation, quaternary clastic deposit, and some local body of pillow basalt. Different types of failures in the area were identified and classified along the cut slopes, from most to least abundant are rockfall, wedge siding, and lateral detachments theses unstable slope contain many joint sets which is acted as lateral, back or composite back release surfaces during slope failure. The earthquake effect as a trigging mechanism of rockfalls leads to decreasing stability along the roadsides.Different rock physical factors have been used and evaluated; the highly fractured properties of rocks, intense rainfall, and freeze-thaw cycles consider the main factors influencing the slope failure. The slopes were assessed by using landslide possibility index (LPI), it shows various geo-hazard categories that range between "moderate hazard" to "very high" LPI categories and “low” to “high” hazard categories. Kinematic analysis carried out for two sites only by using DIPS V6.008 and the results show wedge sliding at site No.22 and lateral detachment in site No.23. Rockfall hazard assessment system (RHRS) developed by the Oregon State Highway Division has drawn based on vehicle vulnerability and elements regarding the rockfall hazard. The analysis of twenty-four cross-section of the cut slopes shows various unacceptable risk categories and it needs remedial works.

The road network in the Baranan mountain, near Dararash village, connecting Sulaymaniyah city with Qaradagh town, plays a major role in socio- economic activities of Qaradagh town and its surrounding villages. Any type of slope failure in the area may cause breaking up in traffic, loss of lives, and injuries.       For assessing the stability of rock slopes in the area, seven stations (rock-cut slopes) were selected along the road and evaluated by kinematic analysis, using DIPS v6.008 software and slope mass rating system (SMRTool - v205 software).       The kinematic analysis revealed that planar and wedge sliding may occur in stations no.2, 5, 6, and 7, flexural toppling may occur in station no.1, direct toppling may occur in station no.2, and oblique toppling may occur in station no.3.       SMR- Tool software for discrete-SMR and continuous-SMR (CSMR) revealed that stations no.2, 5, 6 and 7 are unstable slopes (class IV of a bad slope  type) with failure probability of 0.6, with an exception for station no.7 which is a partially stable slope (class III of a normal slope type) with failure probability of 0.4. Station no.1 is partially stable slope (class III of a normal slope type) with failure probability of 0.4 and station no.3 is stable slope (class II of a good slope type) with failure probability of 0.2.       Due to the lack of structural and failure surface data (attitude of discontinuities and slumping surface) in station no.4, stability analysis was interpreted by using the general conventional method, depending on the field criterion and vision. The station can be interpreted as a rotational failure, the upper part of which consists of slump motion and the lower part of flow motion.

Earth’s climate changes rapidly due to the increases in human demands and rapid economic growth. These changes will affect the entire biosphere, mostly in negative ways. Predicting future changes will put us in a better position to minimize their catastrophic effects and to understand how humans can cope with the new changes beforehand. In this research, previous global climate data set observations from 1961-1990 have been used to predict the future climate change scenario for 2010-2039. The data were processed with Idrisi Andes software and the final Köppen-Geiger map was created with ArcGIS software. Based on Köppen climate classification, it was found that areas of Equator, Arid Steppes, and Snow will decrease by 3.9 %, 2.96%, and 0.09%, respectively. While the areas of Warm Temperature and Dessert will increase by 4.5% and 0.75%, respectively. The results of this study provide useful information on future climate Köppen-Geiger maps and areas that will most likely be affected by climate change in the following decades

Self-purification capacity of a river is a significant indicator for the river health and it is in great importance in polluted water. Tanjero River lies southwest of Sulaimani city formed by linking two streams (Qiliasan and Kani-Ban streams) along its path the sewage of wastewater is discharged into the river that causes serious pollution and threatens the quality of water. Samples of water were taken from six stations (S1, S2, S3, S4, S5 and S6) along the Tanjero river. The data obtained from sample locations include velocity, depth, river discharge, water temperature, pH, electrical conductivity (EC), total dissolved solids (TDS), turbidity, dissolved oxygen (DO) and BOD. The De-oxygenation coefficient (k1) and re-oxygenation coefficient (K2) are then used to estimate the deficit value of predicted oxygen using the Streeter Phelps equation. The maximum de-oxygenation rate (K1) and reaeration (K2) rate (8.259541 day−1) and (15.22917day−1) were recorded in site (4) respectively. The fair ratio (f) or self-purification factor, for the Tanjero river was determined. The maximum fair ratio (f) value of (2.219) was recorded at site (2). The average fair ratio (f) was found to be (1.507) which classifies the river into large streams of low to normal velocities. This study revealed that using Streeter-Phelps method the natural self-purification occurred along the river as a result of continuous increasing of DO value and decreasing BOD value.