Introduction:Impairment in kidney function leads to disturbed thyroid physiology. All levels of the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis may be involved, including alterations in hormone production, distribution, and excretion, and even CKD progress with hypothyroidism.Aim of Work:To assess the prevalence of hypothyroidism among chronic kidney disease patients.Materials and Methods:A cross-sectional analysis was conducted in the nephrology department of security forces hospital from January 2015 to February 2018. Biochemical tests (includes blood urea, serum creatinine, PTH, total T4, TSH) were carried out to all participants.Results:Out of 255 CKD patients in the present study, 166 patients had no hypothyroidism, 43 had subclinical hypothyroidism, and 46 had hypothyroidism. The percentage of hypothyroidism among CKD patients was 34.9%, including dialysis patients and 17.66% after exclusion. Out of 24 peritoneal dialysis patients in the current study (P = 0.03), 7 had subclinical hypothyroidism and another 7 had hypothyroidism. In addition, out of 139 hemodialysis patients (P = 0.02), 20 patients had subclinical hypothyroidism and 18 had hypothyroidism. The majority (67.36%) of CKD patients were in CKD stage 5 and had no hypothyroidism (45.10%). Only 29 (11.37%) patients in CKD stage 5 had hypothyroidism and 28 (10.89%) patients had subclinical hypothyroidism. T4 was higher in nondialysis patients, whereas TSH and PTH were higher in dialysis patients.Conclusion:The prevalence of hypothyroidism among chronic kidney disease patients was high and increased with the decrease in estimated GFR.

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A detailed numerical study of a three-dimensional impinging jet on a roughened isothermal surface is investigated from flow physics vantage point under the influence of different parameters. The effects of Reynolds number, roughness location, and roughness dimension on the flow physics and heat transfer are studied. Additionally, the relations between average heat transfer coefficient and flow physics including flow vortices, wall shear stress and turbulence intensity with thermodynamic non-equilibrium are offered. This paper studies the effect of varying both location and dimension of the roughness element which took the shape of a rib to deliver a favorable trade-off between total pressure loss and heat transfer rate. The roughness element was tested for three radial locations (R/D) =1, 1.5 and 2 and at each location its height (i.e. width) (e) was changed from 0.25 to 1 mm in incremental steps of 0.25. The study employed a jet angle (a) of 90°, jet-to-target distance ( H/D=6) and Re ranges from 10,000 to 50,000. The results show that the average heat transfer coefficient can be significantly affected by changing the geometry and dimensions of the roughness element. An enhancement of 29.6% in the average heat transfer coefficient was achieved by using optimal location and dimensions of the roughness element at specific Reynolds number. Furthermore, the numerical data was correlated by an empirical equation to obtain average heat transfer coefficient as a function of Re, R/D and e/D.

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Background: Breast cancer is the most common form of the disease in women and the leading cause of cancer death in Western countries the most common malignancy among Saudi females. We aim to evaluate the level of awareness of Breast Cancer among females in KSA in 2021. Methods: Adult females at Saudi Arabia's Riyadh city's primary health centers were the focus of this cross-sectional study. The data was collected from 370 participants out of 500 who completed the questionnaire, through an online self-administered questionnaire in English and Arabic language, data collected between January 2022 and March 2022. All data was cleared, coded and entered using SPSS. P value 0.05% or less considered significant. Result: Out of 370 respondents, 62.2% showed a good level of awareness, while 30% showed a moderate level of awareness and 7.8% showed low awareness. The majority had a good level of awareness regarding preventive practices of breast cancer (67.6%), moderate level of awareness (22.2%) and low level (10.3%). In terms of the relationship between awareness and age, there were 230 respondents with a good level of awareness, with a moderate level of 111 respondents and 29 of respondents had a low level. Regarding the relationship between awareness and level of education (62.20%) with a good level of awareness, with moderate level (30%) and (7.80%) had a low level. Conclusion: Majority of participants had a good level of awareness regarding breast cancer. There is a relationship between education and level of awareness, as university education level tends to have better awareness.