Background: Pakistan and Egypt bear more than 80% of the burden of disease as more than 12 million people are suffering from hepatitis B or C infection and there is addition of about 150000 new cases each year.Methods: We have used secondary data PDHS - Pakistan Demographic and Health Survey, DHS has become the gold standard of survey data in developing countries, a project by ORC Macro with financial support from the USAID for the International Development carried out as multistage, cluster sampling for its data collection on multiple questions, most pertinent from our study point view the maternal and child health related to knowledge attitude and practices of hepatitis and its prevention. Results:The final multivariate model six variables came out to be statistically significant with their adjusted odd's ration p-value and 95% confidence interval i.e., use of new disposable syringe every time for therapeutic injection purpose, the respondent being rich as wealth index, reading newspapers and magazines, watching television as source of information, area of residence being urban and with higher educational level came out to be most important variable which are making statistically significant difference for prevention of hepatitis among females of reproductive age group as our study population from Pakistan Demographic and Health Survey 2012-13. Conclusion: It is quite evident from the results of our study that use of new disposal syringes, being rich , being educated, having access to information resources like watching television, listening radio, reading newspaper & magazine and being as an urban dwellers are significant factor among women of reproductive age groups for prevention of hepatitis.

Background: Maxillofacial fractures are the most commonly reported injuries in developed as well as developing countries, among all facial bones; mandible is most commonly fractured. The pattern of mandibular bone fracture has changed drastically over the past two decades due to increase occurrence of high velocity impact. The objective of this study was to determine the pattern and causes of mandibular fractures that have reported in the Department of Surgery at Punjab Dental Hospital Lahore. Methods: Ethical Review Committee of de’Montmorency College of Dentistry (DCD), Lahore, granted the Ethical approval for this retrospective study. Data was taken from the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery of de’Montmorency College of Dentistry/ Punjab Dental Hospital (DCD/PDH) by using secondary data of indoor register from January 2017 to December 2020. Record which met our inclusion criteria was included in this study and record having incomplete data was excluded. A total of 1230 cases were entered in SPSS version 21 to determine descriptive statistic of the data. Percentages and frequencies of variables like gender, site of fracture and causes of fracture were calculated.   Results: Our study included 1230 patients out of which 873 were males and 357 were females. The most affected age group was the fourth decade of life (38.1%) and the major etiological factor was road traffic accident (RTA) which led to fractures in 1067 patients (86.7%). Para-symphysis and symphysis was the most commonly affected area comprising of 36.2% of all fractures. The second most common sit was condyle (23.9%). Least commonly fractured site was coronoid process of the mandible. Conclusion: Cause of majority of mandible fractures is RTA and most commonly affected anatomical site were Para-symphysis and Symphysis.