Stem cell, a wonder cell, acts as a basic unit for an individual development in early prenatal life, andrepairs and regenerates the tissue and/ organ in post-natal life. The stem cell research although conducted extensively is still in its infancy for standardized therapeutics. Among various stem cells types, multi-potential mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) is mainly evaluated for therapeutic applications. These cells have been isolated from almost all the body organs/ tissues and fetal membranes and are culture expanded for higher concentrations. Like human, MSCs harvested from veterinary species are characterized on the basis of International Society for Cellular Therapy (ISCT). Extensive literature on their therapeutic applications in musculoskeletal and non-musculoskeletal systems evidences their potential utility under clinical settings. Currently, limited understanding in their  hysiological mechanisms and availability of limited non-uniform in vivo studies restrict their definitive therapeutic applications. Lack of regulatory set up in India makes MSCs research in veterinary medicine a more complicated field. This review details the current status and possible ways to improve MSCs therapeutic applications in veterinary medicine, in  general and in Indian system, in particular.

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Bovine mammary gland has vital importance in the dairy sector for it acts as source of basic dairy product, the milk. Mammary gland affections are widespread and its affections heavily costs dairy industry economically and has potential public health hazards. Current therapeutic options are ineffective in the control of infection and the regeneration of gland, with an additional burden of antibiotic residues in milk. Among various advanced therapeutic options, stem cell is being considered as a potential therapeutic modality. Mammary gland stem cells (MaSCs) are considered to maintain tissue homeostasis. The characterization of these cells and their derived lineages (progenitor cells and mammary epithelial cells) may potentially provide the physiological status or production potential of the gland. However, current isolation methods are cumbersome and fall short of the standard procedure to isolate pure line of MaSCs from progenitors or other differentiated epithelial cells. An alternative to therapeutic application of MaSCs is the mesenchymal stem cell (MSC). These cells can potentially control microbial infection, show anti-inflammatory and other pro-healing effects, and furthermore enhance mammary epithelial cell secretory potential to ensure tissue regeneration. The current review focuses on MaSCs and MSCs properties in the light of mammary gland regeneration.

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