Agricultural residue (wheat bran) rich in carbohydrates was utilized in the fermentation process to produce microbial biomass. Single-cell biomass consists of the dried cells of microorganisms, which are used as protein supplements in human food and in animal feed. In the present study, two different microorganisms (Candida utilis and Rhizopus oligosporus) were studied for biomass production. To enhance the nutritional contents of wheat bran, a number of different fermentation parameters (effect of inoculum size, age of inoculum, incubation period, moisture to substrate ratio and incubation temperature) were optimized. Maximum yield was obtained at an inoculum size of 10% (v/w), with the age of the inoculum being a 48 h old culture. A fermentation period of 48 h was found to give the maximum protein yield and viable counts of yeast cells and mould hyphae. The microorganisms showed good growth at 30°C. After complete optimization of the fermentation parameters, a batch of wheat bran was fermented with C. utilis and R. oligosporus under the optimized conditions, resulting in a maximum crude protein yield of 41.02% compared with the 4.21% crude protein of the non-fermented wheat bran.
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The outbreak of novel corona virus (2019-nCoV) has spread out globally. If we look back in 1960 when first
appearance of the corona virus (CoV) occurred, it was considered non-virulent. Forty-two years later, people became
infected with an unknown virus in Guangdong province in China, showing symptoms of severe acute respiratory syndrome
(SARS), after genomic analysis, CoV was detected but there was also a drastic genomic change in between SARS-CoV
and CoV that was found in 1960. Thereafter, it broke out again in 2012 as the (MERS-CoV) and 2019 (2019-nCoV). These
genomic transformations are associated with mutation which favors the CoV for evolution and with better adaptation
employing hijacking targeted host cells more appropriately towards faster transcription and replication, and infect human
by transmission through direct or indirect contact of the infected individuals through inhaling droplets originated by
coughing or sneezing in infected people. CoV starts replicating by a new host thus, the potential cause of the genomic
transformation of each new CoV-strain is the better adaptation and higher virulence. In this regards the latest strain of severe
acute deficiency syndrome-coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) could be more fatal. For proper understanding, in this review, we
implicated how CoV binds to host receptors, and we provide brief introduction of the mutation, replication, transmission
and pathogenicity of this virus. All of these stages of coronavirus are very essential for their unique evolution.
In the present study, CryIAc (Crystal protein) gene was cloned under Cry3A promoter, which is known to express vegetatively as a sporulation independent promoter, transformed into acrystalliferous strain of Bacillus thuringiensis. Its potential was evaluated as a strain to be used for formulation development against the spotted cotton bollworm Earias vitella (Fab.) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), the major pest of cotton, the important cash crop in Pakistan. The crystal protein produced in a new strain, i.e., Bt1, had comparable potency as of crystal protein produced during sporulation. The new strain Bt1 had the maximum expression of Cry1Ac protein during the vegetative stage, i.e., in the first 24 h, thereby reducing the growth period until crystal protein production, from 72 to 24 h. In addition, crystal protein produced during vegetative stage under Cry3A promoter remained encapsulated within the cells, which could protect them from UV degradation and was independent of sporulation; therefore; it did not produce spores and thus is not a source to spread Bt spores in the environment. It can, therefore, be called as an environmentally friendly pesticide to control cotton pest especially bollworms and ultimately improve the yield of cotton.
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