Los microplásticos (MPs) se han convertido en un desafío importante para las ciencias ambientales, química analítica y toxicología ambiental en los últimos años. Estos han atraído la atención mundial en su categoría de contaminantes emergentes debido a sus interacciones y persistencia en el medioambiente, además de su origen a partir de una deficiente gestión en el tratamiento de los residuos de centros urbanos, además de malas prácticas industriales y su uso indiscriminado. Los MPs actualmente están dispersos por todas partes del planeta, desde los océanos hasta los ríos, sedimentos, suelo, aire, organismos vivos e incluso en los recursos alimenticios y zonas remotas del planeta como el ártico y glaciares montañosos. Por lo tanto, esta revisión tiene como objetivo el informar acerca de la formación, tipos, fuentes, interacción con contaminantes y posibles consecuencias en la salud por los MPs presentes en el medioambiente. Buscamos concientizar de que en la actualidad se está viviendo junto a los MPs sin darnos cuenta. Además, esta revisión también incluye un breve recorrido por los últimos estudios que se han realizado en Sudamérica, conceptualizando la realidad local y regional con respecto a este problema de carácter global

In this paper, a simple and rapid method was developed for the simultaneous determination of Piperacillin (PIP) and Tazobactam (TAZ) by second-order derivative spectrophotometry. Water was selected as a solvent for extraction and determination of both analytes. Further studies of photo-stability and forced degradation for both drugs were also performed.The spectral variables were optimized, a smoothing factor of 8•10 3 and a scaling factor of 1•10 4 were selected and the analytical signals were evaluated at 296.3 nm and 233.3 nm for PIP and TAZ, respectively.The detection and quantification limits for PIP and TAZ were: 3.2•10 -7 to 9.5•10 -7 and 2.7•10 -7 to 8.9•10 -7 mol/L, respectively. The levels of repeatability (RSD) were 1.5% and 2.4% for PIP and TAZ respectively.The method was applied to the pharmaceutical formulation TAZONAM NF® Wyeth. USA, with a nominal content of 4.0 g of PIP, 0.5 g of TAZ, 0.139 g of citric acid and 1 mg of EDTA. A study of excipients was carried out and it was found that they do not interfere with quantification. By applying this method, a content of 3.96 ± 0.04 g and 0.57 ± 0.01 g was found of PIP and TAZ, respectively.

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SA simple and sensitive kinetic spectrophotometric method was developed for the determination of ciclopirox olamine in pharmaceutical formulations (cream). The method is based on the oxidation of ciclopirox olamine with KMnO 4 in alkaline medium to form K 2 MnO 4 , a bluish green color compound, at ionic strength controlled and room temperature. The reaction is monitored measuring the rate of change of absorbance at 610 nm. The absorbance-concentration plot corresponding to synthetic pharmaceutical samples (cream) was rectilinear, over the range of 0.32 -10.0 µg mL -1 , with detection and quantification limits of 0.095 µg mL -1 and 0.32 µg mL -1 , respectively. Different experimental parameters affecting the development and stability of the reaction product were carefully studied via factorial screening and optimized by univariate method. The determination of ciclopirox olamine by the fixed time method is feasible and more advantageous with the calibration equation obtained at 30 min. The proposed method was validated for the application of the determination of the drug in pharmaceutical sample (cream).

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