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Abstract. Acinetobacter baumannii is an emerging human pathogen that causes hospital-acquired infections. The trend in increased antimicrobial resistance limits the choice of effective antimicrobial agents. The present study reports the resistance to Acinetobacter baumannii and analyzes the associations between antibiotic use and resistance rates at a general hospital between 2010 and 2014. A total of 1,861 isolates were obtained from clinical cultures, accounting for 10.33% of all detected bacteria (1,861/18,016). The strains were mainly from respiratory samples (1,628 isolates, 87.5%) and the intensive care unit (696 isolates, 37.4%). The resistance rates of Acinetobacter baumannii to the majority of antibiotics were >50%, particularly the resistance rate to cefoperazone/sulbactam increased from 47.37 in 2011 to 89.25% in 2014. However, the rates of imipenem and cilastatin sodium decreased from 81.03 to 69.44% due to the antibiotic policy. There were Pearson significant associations between the use of three antibiotics and resistance in Acinetobacter baumannii to this drug, piperacillin/tazobactam (r=0.976, P<0.01), gentamicin (r=0.870, P<0.01) and cefoxitin (r=0.741, P<0.05). Therefore, a combination of drugs should be adopted to treat Acinetobacter baumannii infections. Microbiology laboratory support and surveillance policies are essential to control the emergence of multidrug-resistance Acinetobacter baumannii.

Abstract.Objective: This paper aims to report the survey of antimicrobial usage and resistance to Staphylococcus aureus in a local hospital under the restrictive antibiotic policy in China.Methods: We conducted the analysis using retrospective data from 2011 to 2014. The hospital provided data concerning hospital characteristics and infection control policies. The data concerning antibiotic utilization were collected from hospital pharmacy records and reports. The antimicrobial susceptibility test were monitored and recorded in hospital microbiology laboratory.Results: Due to the restrictive antibiotic policy implemented in 2011, antibiotic prescription, antibiotic consumption, antibiotic procurement and prophylactic use of antibiotics in clean operations were all declined. The submission rate of microbial test in antimicrobial therapy increased, but the blood and other sterile site specimen need to be further applied. The broad spectrum antimicrobials and last line drugs still keep a regular susceptibility to Staphylococcus aureus. The factors of high age, long stay in hospital, long time for antibiotic usage and invasive operation were all related to antibiotic resistance.Conclusion: The intervention of antibiotic policy was effective to ensure the rational use of antibiotics.

The purpose of this research is aimed to reveal the strategy and operations management in the Transnational Higher Education Institutions in China. The participating TNHEIs are sampled in Jiangsu Province. It has been found out that in the sampled TNHEIs, the management and teaching staff have perceived different level of strategy planning in a number of aspects significantly. In operations management, only few factors has been perceived differently. However, in the suggestion of improvement of the strategy and operations management, the two groups have performed considerably differently, again. It is a strange phenomenon that the operations management could be executed smoothly with huge gap in strategy management.