ObjectivePrecise genetic analyses were conducted with ring finger protein 213 (RNF213) in relation to a particular clinical phenotype in Chinese patients with moyamoya disease (MMD) to determine whether heterozygosity is responsible for the early-onset and severe form of this disease.MethodsA case–control study for RNF213 p.R4810K involving 1,385 Chinese patients with MMD and 2,903 normal control participants was performed. Correlation analyses between genotype and phenotype or different clinical features were also statistically explored.ResultsAn obvious trend was observed: the carrying rate of RNF213 p.R4810K gradually decreased when moving from coastal cities in northeast, north, and east China to southern cities or inland areas. Higher frequencies of p.R4810K were observed in patients with MMD compared with control participants (odds ratio, 48.1; 95% confidence interval, 29.1–79.6; p = 1.6 × 10−141). In addition, the onset age of all patients with the GA and AA genotypes were lower than with the GG genotype, and the median onset age was 40.0, 36.0, and 11.5 years with GG, GA, and AA, respectively, thereby confirming that those with GA or AA could acquire MMD during early life stages. Patients with MMD with the GA genotype were more susceptible to posterior cerebral artery (PCA) involvement compared to those with the GG genotype (38.4% vs 23.3%, p = 8.3 × 10−7).ConclusionsStrong evidence suggests that the carrying rate of RNF213 p.R4810K is closely related MMD risk in China and has given rise to an earlier onset age and more severe PCA involvement.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: The ability of the ivy sign on contrast-enhanced T1-weighted MR imaging (CEMR) to reflect cerebral perfusion and postoperative revascularization in Moyamoya disease remains largely unknown. We aimed to compare the capabilities of CEMR and FLAIR. MATERIALS AND METHODS: CEMR, FLAIR, arterial spin-labeling, and DSA were performed in 44 patients with Moyamoya disease. The ivy sign was scored separately on CEMR and FLAIR using the Alberta Stroke Program Early CT Score. The status of leptomeningeal collaterals was scored on DSA. The postoperative Matsushima grade was evaluated at least 3 months after surgical revascularization. RESULTS: Scoring of the ivy sign on CEMR showed excellent interrater reliability, and FLAIR vascular hyperintensity showed moderate interrater reliability. Correlation analyses revealed that DSA scores were more consistent with the CEMR-based ivy sign score (r ¼ 0.25, P ¼ .03) than with FLAIR vascular hyperintensity (r ¼ 0.05, P ¼ .65). The CEMR-based ivy sign score was significantly correlated with CBF in late-Suzuki stage Moyamoya disease (t ¼ À2.64, P ¼ .02). The CEMR-based ivy sign score at baseline was significantly correlated with the postoperative Matsushima grade (r ¼ 0.48, P ¼ .03). CONCLUSIONS: In this study, CEMR outperformed FLAIR in capturing the ivy sign in Moyamoya disease. In addition, the CEMR-based ivy sign score provided adequate information on hemodynamic status and postoperative neovascularization. The current study suggested that CEMR could be considered as an alternative to FLAIR in future studies investigating leptomeningeal collaterals in Moyamoya disease. ABBREVIATIONS: CEMR ¼ contrast-enhanced T1-weighted MR imaging; FVH ¼ FLAIR vascular hyperintensity; MMD ¼ Moyamoya disease; PCA ¼ posterior cerebral artery; EDAS ¼ encephaloduroarteriosynangiosis; FOV ¼ field of view M oyamoya disease (MMD) is an uncommon cerebrovascular disease characterized by chronic progressive occlusion of the terminal portion of the internal carotid artery and its main branches within the circle of Willis. 1,2 In MMD, the perfusion of brain tissue originates from the narrowed ICA, basal moyamoya vessels, leptomeningeal collaterals derived chiefly from the posterior circulation, and transdural collaterals from the external carotid

ObjectivesWe aimed to compare the long-term outcomes and surgical benefits between moyamoya disease (MMD) and atherosclerosis-associated moyamoya vasculopathy (AS-MMV) using high-resolution MRI (HRMRI).MethodsMMV patients were retrospectively included and divided into the MMD and AS-MMV groups according to vessel wall features on HRMRI. Kaplan-Meier survival and Cox regression were performed to compare the incidence of cerebrovascular events and prognosis of encephaloduroarteriosynangiosis (EDAS) treatment between MMD and AS-MMV.ResultsOf the 1173 patients (mean age: 42.4±11.0 years; male: 51.0%) included in the study, 881 were classified into the MMD group and 292 into the AS-MMV group. During the average follow-up of 46.0±24.7 months, the incidence of cerebrovascular events in the MMD group was higher compared with that in the AS-MMV group before (13.7% vs 7.2%; HR 1.86; 95% CI 1.17 to 2.96; p=0.008) and after propensity score matching (6.1% vs 7.3%; HR 2.24; 95% CI 1.34 to 3.76; p=0.002). Additionally, patients treated with EDAS had a lower incidence of events than those not treated with EDAS, regardless of whether they were in the MMD (HR 0.65; 95% CI 0.42 to 0.97; p=0.043) or AS-MMV group (HR 0.49; 95% CI 0.51 to 0.98; p=0.048).ConclusionsPatients with MMD had a higher risk of ischaemic stroke than those with AS-MMV, and patients with both MMD and AS-MMV could benefit from EDAS. Our findings suggest that HRMRI could be used to identify those who are at a higher risk of future cerebrovascular events.

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