No abstract

Passive daytime radiative cooling (PDRC) involves cooling down an object by simultaneously reflecting sunlight and thermally radiating heat to the cold outer space through the Earth's atmospheric window. However, for practical applications, current PDRC materials are facing unprecedented challenges such as complicated and expensive fabrication approaches and performance degradation arising from surface contamination. Herein, we develop scalable cellulose-fiber-based composites with excellent self-cleaning and self-cooling capabilities, through air-spraying ethanolic poly-(tetrafluoroethylene) (PTFE) microparticle suspensions embedded partially within the microsized pores of the cellulose fiber to form a dual-layered structure with PTFE particles atop the paper. The formed superhydrophobic PTFE coating not only protects the cellulose-fiberbased paper from water wetting and dust contamination for real-life applications but also reinforces its solar reflectivity by sunlight backscattering. It results in a subambient cooling performance of 5 °C under a solar irradiance of 834 W/m 2 and a radiative cooling power of 104 W/m 2 under a solar intensity of 671 W/m 2 . The self-cleaning surface of composites maintains their good cooling performance for outdoor applications, and the recyclability of the composites extends their life span after one life cycle. Additionally, dyed cellulose-fiber-based paper can absorb appropriate visible wavelengths to display specific colors and effectively reflect nearinfrared lights to reduce solar heating, which synchronously achieves effective radiative cooling and esthetic varieties.

Solar-driven steam generation, whereby solar energy is harvested to purify water directly, is emerging as a promising approach to mitigate the worldwide water crisis. The scalable application of conventional 3D evaporators is hindered by their complex spatial geometries. A 2.5D structure is a spatial extension of a 2D structure with an addition of a third vertical dimension, achieving both the feasibility of 2D structure and the performance of 3D structure simultaneously. Here, an interconnected open-pore 2.5D Cu/CuO foam-based photothermal evaporator capable of achieving a high evaporation rate of 4.1 kg m −2 h −1 under one sun illumination by exposing one end of the planar structure to air is demonstrated. The micro-sized open-pore structure of Cu/CuO foam allows it to trap incident sunlight, and the densely distributed blade-like CuO nanostructures effectively scatter sunlight inside pores simultaneously. The inherent hydrophilicity of CuO and capillarity forces from the porous structure of Cu foam continuously supply sufficient water. Moreover, the doubled working sides of Cu/CuO foam enlarge the exposure area enabling efficient vapor diffusion. The feasible fabrication process and the combined structural features of Cu/CuO foam offer new insight into the future development of solar-driven evaporators in large-scale applications with practical durability.

MRL/lpr mice develop a spontaneous systemic lupus erythematosus-like autoimmune syndrome due to a dysfunctional Fas receptor, with contributions from other less well-defined genetic loci. The removal of B cells by genetic manipulation not only prevents autoantibody formation, but it also results in substantially reduced T cell activation and kidney inflammation. To determine whether B cell depletion by administration of Abs is effective in lupus mice with an intact immune system and established disease, we screened several B cell-specific mAbs and found that a combination of anti-CD79α and anti-CD79β Abs was most effective at depleting B cells in vivo. Anti-CD79 therapy started at 4–5 mo of age in MRL/lpr mice significantly decreased B cells (B220+CD19+) in peripheral blood, bone marrow, and spleens. Treated mice also had a significant increase in the number of both double-negative T cells and naive CD4+ T cells, and a decreased relative abundance of CD4+ memory cells. Serum anti-chromatin IgG levels were significantly decreased compared with controls, whereas serum anti-dsDNA IgG, total IgG, or total IgM were unaffected. Overall, survival was improved with lower mean skin scores and significantly fewer focal inflammatory infiltrates in submandibular salivary glands and kidneys. Anti-CD79 mAbs show promise as a potential treatment for systemic lupus erythematosus and as a model for B cell depletion in vivo.

In a calculation of rotated matrix elements with angular momentum projection, the generalized Wick's theorem may encounter a practical problem of combinatorial complexity when the configurations have more than four quasi-particles (qps). The problem can be solved by employing the Pfaffian algorithm generally applicable to calculations of matrix elements for Hartree-Fock-Bogoliubov states with any number of qps. This breakthrough in many-body techniques enables studies of high-spin states in a shell-model framework. As the first application of the Pfaffian algorithm, the configuration space of the Projected Shell Model is expanded to include 6-qp states for both positive and negative parities. Taking 166 Hf as an example, we show that 6-qp states become the main configuration of the yrast band beyond spin I ≈ 34 , which explains the observed third back-bending in moment of inertia. Structures of multi-qp high-K isomers in 176 Hf are analyzed as another example.PACS numbers: 21.10. Re, 21.60.Cs, 23.20.Lv, 27.70.+q All nucleons of even-even nuclei couple pairwise in their ground state. Nuclear rotation brings an effect into the system that tends to break the nucleon pairs. This effect due to the rotation of nuclei was suggested in 1960 [1] in analogy to the electron pair breaking in superconductivity due to the existence of external magnetic fields. However, it was soon after realized that a sharp phase transition with pair collapse does not occur in nuclear systems due to the fact that nuclei have a finite size [2]. Another reason is that nucleons have an orbital angular momentum in addition to spin. The nucleons in the vicinity of the Fermi surfaces belong to subshells with rather different j-values, and therefore, they feel the Coriolis force very differently. Pairs in those orbitals with the highest angular momentum j, as for instance the neutron i 13/2 shell in the rare earth region, feel a strong Coriolis force, and therefore, break first (the Stephens-Simon effect [3]). They contribute to formation of 2-quasiparticle (qp) state as the main configuration of the yrast state. The Stephens-Simon effect [3] successfully explained the experimental observations of backbending in moment of inertia for rotating nuclei [4]. As a nucleus rotates faster and faster, subsequent pair-breakings can occur for the pairs from the next highest j orbitals. In the rare earth region, proton pairs in the h 11/2 shell are expected to break next, which was observed experimentally [5]. Measurements for further pair breakings at higher angular momenta are difficult. However, there have been early [6] and recent evidences [7,8] of breaking of three nucleon pairs, which form 6-qp states as the main configuration of the yrast sequence.Pair-breaking in nuclei can lead to formation of another special group of excited states: nuclear isomers. In a deformed potential a j-shell splits up into 2 j+1 K-states. Two or more states with high K quantum numbers can couple to form a high-K multi-qp configuration. The selection rules of elec- * El...