In order to study the needs of identifying rock thin-section samples by manual observation in the field of geology, a method of electrochemical intelligent recognition of mineral materials based on superpixel image segmentation is proposed. The image histogram of this method can be used to represent the distribution of each pixel value of the image. This interval is consistent with the number of pixels in the method. And using the experiment, the CPU used in the experiment is Intel® Core™ i7-8700 3.2 GHz, the memory is 16 GB, and the GPU is NVIDIA GeForce GT × 1080 Ti, which ensures the accuracy of the experiment. Based on all the experimental results, it can be seen that after the two-stage processing of the designed superpixel algorithm and the region merging algorithm, the final sandstone slice image segmentation results are close to the results of manual labeling, which is helpful for the subsequent research on sandstone component identification. The feasibility of this method was verified.