Banks are usually active in creating and operating corporate social responsibility (CSR) programmes for different reasons. This paper analyses the Erste Bank SEEDS programme, which is dedicated to entrepreneurs promoting social welfare in Hungary. A total number of 68 social entrepreneurs were selected from 203 applicants to participate in the programme. To detect the success factors, the paper examines all proposals with content analysis. Then, using a bivariate logistic regression, the research estimates the probability of getting selected and identifies three critical factors: the potential social impact, financial sustainability and the life cycle of the product or service. These results hint to the bank caring about social impacts but only if financial sustainability is assured. Some social activities (community building, health or sustainable lifestyle) are less preferred than others (employment). The main contribution of the study is to present how corporate social responsibility programmes can be analysed and what hidden requirements may be incorporated within them.
A tanulmány célja az automatizált szoftvertesztelés elméleti és gyakorlati hatékonyságának vizsgálata. Ehhez felmérjük, milyen szempontok szerint érdemes automatizált tesztelői szoftvert választani, valamint rávilágítunk, milyen esetekben hatékonyabb az automatizált tesztelés a manuális teszteléssel szemben. Előbb elméleti síkon vetjük össze a két tesztelési módszertant, majd egy valós üzleti esettanulmányon keresztül mutatjuk be a tesztelői szoftver kiválasztását és végzünk el egy gyakorlati összehasonlító elemzést. Öt automata tesztrendszer összehasonlítása alapján kiderül, hogy az alapvető technológiai és gazdasági követelményeken felül a rugalmasság és a megbízhatóság is kiemelkedő szempont a kiválasztási folyamatban. A tanulmányból kiderül az is, hogy az automatizálás csak ismétlődő tesztelések esetén lehet hatékony. Egy legalább tíz ügyféllel rendelkező szoftvergyártónak azonban megéri az automatizált tesztelés irányába mozdulni.
Several studies examined how some characteristics of personal bankruptcy laws influenced entrepreneurial developments during the last two decades. Our main objective is to analyze the association between self-employment and the leniency of the personal bankruptcy systems in 24 EU countries. Unlike previous studies, we measure differences and changes in the leniency of the regulations with a composite index that incorporates 35 variables. Based on a cross-country database of self-employment ratios and various control variables spanning the years 2000 to 2019, we apply a panel regression model. We find that the implementation of new regulations and reforms in personal bankruptcy legislation in more lenient directions positively correlates with entrepreneurial developments measured by self-employment rates. This is more significant in the group of countries where the eligibility criteria for entrepreneurs are not constrained. We find a one-year negative time-lag effect and conclude that strong anticipation of the law for a more lenient system can immediately change the risk-reward profile, and thereby influence entrepreneurship before implementing the actual reform. An important policy implication is that a major reform in regulation or the first implementation of conservative legislation has the same order of magnitude of effect on promoting entrepreneurship as other public policy reforms of similar purpose.
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