A reheat and non-reheat steam turbines governor is a component of the turbine control system that regulates rotational speed in response to changing load conditions. The governor output signal manipulates the position of a steam inlet valve or nozzles which in turn regulates the steam flow to the turbine. The application of PID (proportional integral derivative (controller has been widely used from small industry to high technology industry. Tuning the parameters of a PID controller is very important in PID control, Ziegler-Nichols method also used to tune the coefficients of a PID controller. The compensation has been proposed to be 4%, 6%, 8%, 10% and 15% of the actual load. This paper evaluates the feasibility of using the Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) method for determining the optimal PID controller parameters for steam turbine speed control. The PSO optimization technique is compared with Ziegler-Nichols method and (PID) controllers. It is validated that PSO based controller is more efficient in reducing the steady-states error, settling time, rising time, and overshooting limit in speed control of the steam turbine control. In which the maximum peak overshoot has been reduced from 44.8% in case of the original system without any controller to 3.45% for the case of PSO based controller and that for 15% load change.

Roll dynamic response is investigated and studied to improve the dynamic behavior of road vehicle during sudden maneuver according to step steer input using semi-active PID suspension. A Mathematical model including the differential governing equations of operation for full road vehicle with (9) degrees of freedom and passive PID suspension is presented. Car body movements and displacements are investigated using Computer-aided simulation with Matlab Program for different vehicle speeds and specified step steer angles. A special technique is used to transform the second order differential equations of operation for the road vehicle into first order equations in order to reduce the computational time. Simulation results shows the dynamic responses of road vehicle at vertical, pitch and roll motions subjected to different vehicle speeds and step steer angles utilizing settling time and maximum peak overshoot, also the results show an improvement in dynamic roll response using semi-active PID suspension with conical shaped spring.