No abstract

Cow ghee is very used in some regions of Iran, such as Kermanshah province. Cow ghee is a natural source that contains high-quality nutrients which are needed for the human body. Adulteration in dairy products is not only a serious threat to human health but also it causes economic losses. Diagnosis of foodstuff cheating and its estimation is one of the key concerns in recent years. The aim of this study was the detection of the adulteration in cow ghee by olfactory machine system. Therefore, an electronic nose system was used for the different levels of sunflower oil and cow body fat mixed with pure cow ghee (10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, and 50%). The principal components analysis (PCA) and artificial neural networks (ANNs) methods were used to achieve this goal. Based on the results, the accuracy of the principal components analysis of sunflower oil and cow body fat were 96% and 97% of the data variance, respectively. According to the results, artificial neural networks identified the adulteration with sunflower oil and cow body fat with an accuracy of 91.3% and 82.5%, respectively.

Diagnosis of adulteration in cow ghee is one of the key concerns of recent years. In this study, the aroma fingerprints of cow ghee were detected. For this purpose, an electronic nose system was developed and its ability for detection of different amounts of margarine mixed with pure cow ghee (10, 20, 30, 40, and 50% levels) was investigated. The system was equipped with eight sensors (MOS type), that each of them reacts to specific volatile compounds in the samples. The features of the signals were considered for data analysis. In this research, principal components analysis (PCA) and artificial neural networks (ANN) methods were used for data analyzing. According to the results, the PCA analysis explained 98% of the variance in the data set. Also, ANN analysis identified 85.6 and 97.2% of pure cow ghee from the adulteration ones when samples were classified in 7 and 2 classes, respectively. Practical applications Diagnosis and estimation of adulteration in cow ghee is one of the key concerns for consumers. Electronic nose is a new method that can be used for detection of products quality. We show that electronic nose system is a valuable tool for detection of margarine as a one of common adulteration in cow ghee.