Background: Spinal anaesthesia is a less expensive option to general anaesthesia for surgical procedures below the umbilicus in resource-constrained settings with a shortage of medical gases and specialized an anesthetists. The patient’s airway is not harmed by spinal anaesthesia, and both the patient and the doctor benefits from a host of additional benefits. Following the discontinuation of hyperbaric lidocaine for intrathecal injection because it can results in radiculopathy, bupivacaine is frequently used for spinal anaesthesia. For spinal, doctors employ pethidine, a lipophilic opioid with local aesthetic properties. In this study, pethidine bupivacaine were used as the only anaesthetic a gents to perform spinal anaesthesia, and the immediate postoperative problems and recovery profile were compared. Methodology: For quick surgical procedures on the lower body, 52 American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status I and II patients between the ages of 18 and 60 were randomly assigned to receive spinalanaesthesia. The patients' recovery times for pinprick sensation at S2, plantar flexion, big toe proprioception, and full motor recovery (Bromage score 0) were compared after receiving either 2.5mL of isobaric 0.5 percent bupivacaine or 1mg/Kg of preservative-free pethidine. The immediate postoperative period complications of pain, drowsiness, nausea and vomiting, pruritus, and urine retention were compared. Results: The time to return of pinkprick sensation at S2 was 94.6220.25 minutes and 205.9631.05 minutes, respectively, when pethidine and bupivacaine were compared. Pethidine and bupivacaine had a time to return of plantar flexion of 92.8812.01 minutes and viii 1 93.8539.56 minutes, respectively. Between pedthidine and bupivacaine, the mean recovery times f or the big toe’s proprioception were 31.159.41 and 172.5042.70 minutes, respectively, for full motor recovery (Bromage score 0). All recovery time variation were significant (p 0.0001) across the broad. There was no discernible change in the incidence of pain or sedation in the immediate postoperative period. In the Bupivacaine group, four patients (15. 38%) reported having hardly bearable discomfort. Both groups did not experience any instances of nausea or vomiting. Pruritus was experience by five patients (19.22%) in the pethidine group, but none in the bupivacaine group (0.00 %). Urinary retention incidence varied, and this difference was significant (p = 0.048) Conclusion: Compared to bupivacaine, pethidine had a quicker recovery profile and didn't lead to any major complications right after surgery.

Objective: Determine the role of indomethacin on blood pressure lowering by captopril and losartan in hypertension patients. Study design: Randomized study design. Methodology: 200 patients with known hypertension problems including women and men were treated in this study. The complete protocol for the study was approved by the research center and committee of the hospital. Patients were randomly treated with losartan 50mg/day, and captopril 25mg two times/day. . Indomethacin 65 mg /day was given to patients in week six. Results: Among the 200 patients 68 (50%) females received losartan and 68 (50%) females received captopril. Captopril was given to a total of 100 patients including 68 females and 32 males. Their first-week follow-up systolic BP Mean ± S.E measured value was 152.02 ± 0.9, Diastolic BP measured value was 94.5 ± 0.5, Pulse, bpm = 86.6 ± 2.0 with a significant p-value. The fifth week measured reading was 141.04 ± 0.7 = systolic BP, 86.05 ± 1.2 = Diastolic BP, Pulse, bpm = 86.6 ± 2.0. A significant reduction in BP was observed with a p-value of 0.001. At sixth-week captopril and indomethacin combination results show a lesser reduction in BP systolic/ diastolic = 146.06 ± 0.2/89.01 ± 2.0 mm Hg, pulse rate measured 81.7 ± 1.0 with significant p-value 0.05. Losartan first week follow-up shows a BP of 153.01 ± 0.3/92.6 ± 0.6, pulse reading was 79.3 ± 2.0 with a p-value of 0.001. In the fifth week, BP was 139.5 ± 0.1/ 84.03 ± 0.3, pulse = 77.6 ± 3.0 showing a significant reduction in BP. The sixth week Losartan + indomethacin results show a lesser decrease in BP with 145.4 ± 0.1/ 91.02 ± 0.4 mm Hg, and 79.01 ± 3.1 value was measured for Pulse, bpm. Conclusion: The results of this study show that losartan and captopril are more effective in controlling BP than in combination with indomethacin. So, indomethacin reduced the antihypertensive effect of losartan and captopril. Keywords: captopril, losartan, indomethacin, antihypertensive, blood pressure