Background: Menstrual disorders are of the most prevalent health issues in young female students studying in health science faculties. The purpose of this study was to provide an insight on the menstrual patterns among medical faculties students, and to determine whether stress can be an identified factor for its various disorders. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study conducted in the Faculties of Medicine, Dentistry and pharmacy in the Syrian Private University, Damascus, Syria, between October and November of 2022. Nine hundred and eighty female students anonymously completed the identification of menstrual problems and Perceived Stress Scale (PSS) questionnaire. The date was analyzed with Social Science Statistics Package. Results: The mean age of the students was 21.52 ± 2.06 years. The most common menstrual disorders in this study were dysmenorrhea (88%), premenstrual syndrome (87%), and irregular menstrual cycle (21%). We found a statistically significant relationship between the occurrence of irregular menstrual cycle and amenorrhea, polymenorrhea, and oligomenorrhea. 82% had mild to moderate stress, 10% had high stress, while 8% had low stress. There was a statistically significant relationship between stress and abnormal vaginal bleeding, oligomenorrhea, and menstrual irregularity. Conclusion: There was a really high prevalence of stress among these students, which was also associated with the occurrence of various menstrual disorders, both of which can not only have an impact on a student's ability to function academically, but also may potentially have detrimental impacts on their reproductive and mental health. It is for that reason we advise that all students of medical faculties get brief courses on stress management strategies as part of their curriculum. Additionally, all medical faculties universities should set up procedures for the early detection of individuals with stress and menstruation disorders. The identified students with high stress levels should also get prompt gynaecological and psychiatric counselling.

Background: Antimicrobial resistance is the third top-ranking global causative of death.Aims: The aim is to evaluate antimicrobial resistance and sensitivity to aid the assessment of the efficacy in Syrian management protocols.Methods: A retrospective study was conducted to analyze children with positive culture results presenting with nosocomial or community-acquired infections in Damascus Hospital, Damascus, Syria.Results: 117 patients with 183 positive culture results were included in the study. The most antibiotic-resistant bacterium was Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The highest bacterial antibiotic resistance occurred with Ceftriaxone, Pseudomonas aeruginosa (89%), Escherichia coli (77%), Enterobacter (74%), and Proteus (42%). Staphylococcus sensitivity towards vancomycin was only 3%. The mortality was 19(16%), nosocomial infection 11(55%) and community infections 9(45%).Conclusion: The efficacy of the remaining antibiotics to which the bacteria are sensitive must be maintained through rationalization of its use. Strict precautionary measures must be implemented to ban the illegal dispensation of antibiotics.

Background :Tuberculosis (TB) is a major public health concern worldwide and is the 13th leading cause of death and the second deadliest infectious disease after COVID-19. ¹ Extrapulmonary tuberculosis (EPTB) cases accounted for 16% of the 7.5 million cases of TB worldwide in 2019. ² global statistics indicate that Tuberculosis kills about 4,500 patient every day¹.Aims :1. To know the epidemiology of extrapulmonary tuberculosis in Syria.2. To know the effect of pulmonary tuberculosis risk factors on extrapulmonary tuberculosis.3. To know the percentage of TB recurrence .4. To know the percentage of non-adherence to tuberculosis treatment.5. The comparison of the incidence of extrapulmonary tuberculosis over an 18-year period.Methods :A retrospective study conducted at the National Center for Tuberculosis Control in Damascus and its countryside for the year of 2020 to analyze the patients with extrapulmonary tuberculosis .Results :205 patients were diagnosed with extrapulmonary tuberculosis in Damascus and its countryside in the year of 2020 and the sites of extrapulmonary tuberculosis were distributed as follows :Lymph Nodes TB (102) 49.75% , peritoneal TB (28) 13.66% , pleural TB (26) 12.68% , spine TB (Pott's disease) (11) 5.36% , meningeal TB (8) 3.90% , skeletal TB (7) 3.41% , skin and soft tissue TB (5) 2.44% , genitourinary TB (5) 2.44% , gastrointestinal tuberculosis (5) 2.44% , pericardial TB (3) 1.46% , eye Tb (3) 1.46% , ENT Tb (1) 0.49% , breast TB (1) 0.49%In diagnosing tuberculosis of the lymph nodes by biopsy the affected nodes were distributed as follows :Cervical lymph nodes 80.40% , Axillary lymph nodes 6.86%. , Supraclavicular lymph nodes 4.90% , Submandibular lymph nodes 2.94% , Mesenteric nodes 2.94% , Mediastinal nodes 1.96%.Most incidence rate was in patients between 25 and 34 years old , while the least incidence rate was in patients older than 65 years old . The percentage of infected females was approximately 66%, while the percentage of infected males was approximately 34% . The majority of infected patients were residents in the city (78.68%) compared to infected patients from the countryside (21.31%). The most common comorbidities among patients with extrapulmonary tuberculosis were:Hypertension: 23.41% of cases , Diabetes Mellitus : 15.12% cases , Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: 2.4% , Covid-19: 9.75% were diagnosed with COVID-19, 9 of which were confirmed by PCR testing, and 11 cases were diagnosed clinically . 17 of those infected with Covid-19 had lymph nodes tuberculosis, two had urogenital tuberculosis, and one case was with pleural tuberculosis . Possible risk factors were : Smoking: (cigarettes and hookah) 38.53% of extrapulmonary tuberculosis patients were smokers of cigarettes and waterpipes in addition to passive smokers, while 61.46% were non-smokers , Unhealthy housing: 23.41% of patients live in an unventilated or unsunny houses , Forced displacement: 20.97% of all patients which forced them to live in crowded and unhealthy places , cases of relapse: 12 cases of recurrence (5.85%) , cases of non-adherence to tuberculosis treatment: 9 cases (4.39%) , Prisoners : 6 cases (2.92%). The most common general symptom associated with extrapulmonary tuberculosis was fever 55.60%, while night sweats was the least common symptom 14.63% .Conclusion :Tuberculosis is a major public health concern worldwide that can cause death or cause long-lasting complications but still is a preventable and treatable disease that’s why disease prevention , early diagnosis and early treatment are vital.

Background: Tuberculosis (TB) is a major public health concern worldwide and is the 13th leading cause of death, and the second deadliest infectious disease after COVID-19 worldwide1. Extrapulmonary tuberculosis (EPTB) cases accounted for 15% of the 7.2 million cases of TB worldwide in 2019. ² global statistics indicate that Tuberculosis causes 4,500 deaths every day¹. We aim to study the epidemiology of EPTB and its risk factors. Methods: A multicenter retrospective study was conducted at the National Center for Tuberculosis Control in Damascus in the year 2020 to analyze the patients with extrapulmonary tuberculosis. Results: 205 patients were diagnosed with extrapulmonary tuberculosis in Damascus and its countryside in the year 2020, and the most common site of extrapulmonary tuberculosis was Lymph Nodes (102) 49.75%, while ear and breast were the least common (1 case of each). Cervical nodes were the most affected with EPTB (80.40%), while Mediastinal nodes were the least affected (1.96%). The most incidence rate was in patients between 25 and 34 years old, while the least incidence rate was in patients older than 65 years old. The percentage of infected females was approximately 66%, while the percentage of infected males was approximately 34%. The majority of infected patients were residents in the city (78.68%) compared to infected patients from the countryside (21.31%). The most common comorbidity was Hypertension: 23.41% of cases, while kidney diseases were the least common. Smoking was the most common risk factor. The most common general symptom associated with extrapulmonary tuberculosis was fever 55.60%, while night sweats were the least common symptom 14.63%. Conclusion: Tuberculosis is a major public health concern worldwide that can cause death or cause long-lasting complications but still can be prevented by vaccination and avoiding the possible risk factors that were studied in this study.

Background: Medical literature describes how several metabolic and hormonal changes occur while undergoing different kinds of Anesthesia. This study aims to compare the effects of general and spinal anesthesia on blood glucose. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted on 254 patients from Al-Zahrawi Hospital. The patients were divided into three groups: patients with diabetes - patients without diabetes - patients with gestational diabetes. Blood glucose levels were measured before surgery and in the first and second hours after surgery, for patients undergoing both general and spinal anesthesia. Results: There were no statistically significant differences in the average blood glucose levels before and after surgery in patients with diabetes undergoing the two types of anesthesia: general anesthesia - spinal anesthesia. There were no statistically significant differences in the average blood glucose levels before and after surgery in non-diabetic patients, undergoing the two types of anesthesia: general anesthesia - spinal anesthesia. There were no statistically significant differences in the average blood glucose before and after surgery in patients with gestational diabetes, according to the two types of anesthesia: general anesthesia - spinal anesthesia. Conclusion: There are no clear differences between general and spinal anesthesia in affecting the levels of blood glucose. It is reasonable to suggest that blood glucose levels should be monitored during surgery in patients undergoing general or spinal anesthesia and during the 6, 12, and 24 postoperative hours.