OBJECTIVE The objective of this paper was to determine the interobserver reliability and intraobserver reproducibility of the AO Spine Upper Cervical Injury Classification System based on surgeon experience (< 5 years, 5–10 years, 10–20 years, and > 20 years) and surgical subspecialty (orthopedic spine surgery, neurosurgery, and "other" surgery). METHODS A total of 11,601 assessments of upper cervical spine injuries were evaluated based on the AO Spine Upper Cervical Injury Classification System. Reliability and reproducibility scores were obtained twice, with a 3-week time interval. Descriptive statistics were utilized to examine the percentage of accurately classified injuries, and Pearson’s chi-square or Fisher’s exact test was used to screen for potentially relevant differences between study participants. Kappa coefficients (κ) determined the interobserver reliability and intraobserver reproducibility. RESULTS The intraobserver reproducibility was substantial for surgeon experience level (< 5 years: 0.74 vs 5–10 years: 0.69 vs 10–20 years: 0.69 vs > 20 years: 0.70) and surgical subspecialty (orthopedic spine: 0.71 vs neurosurgery: 0.69 vs other: 0.68). Furthermore, the interobserver reliability was substantial for all surgical experience groups on assessment 1 (< 5 years: 0.67 vs 5–10 years: 0.62 vs 10–20 years: 0.61 vs > 20 years: 0.62), and only surgeons with > 20 years of experience did not have substantial reliability on assessment 2 (< 5 years: 0.62 vs 5–10 years: 0.61 vs 10–20 years: 0.61 vs > 20 years: 0.59). Orthopedic spine surgeons and neurosurgeons had substantial intraobserver reproducibility on both assessment 1 (0.64 vs 0.63) and assessment 2 (0.62 vs 0.63), while other surgeons had moderate reliability on assessment 1 (0.43) and fair reliability on assessment 2 (0.36). CONCLUSIONS The international reliability and reproducibility scores for the AO Spine Upper Cervical Injury Classification System demonstrated substantial intraobserver reproducibility and interobserver reliability regardless of surgical experience and spine subspecialty. These results support the global application of this classification system.

Abstrak - Tanaman cabai merah merupakan jenis buah dan tumbuhan dalam anggota genus Capsicum yang masuk dalam komodias sayuran yang banyak dinikmati masyarakat Indonesia. Kabupaten Pohuwato merupakan salah satu wilayah yang menjadi sasaran utama dalam pengembangan tanaman holtikultura. Akan tetapi dalam pengembangannya komoditi ini memiliki beberapa permasalahan salah satunya Hama dan penyakit. Kendala utama dalam mendiagnosa penyakit cabai merah yaitu minimnya pengetahuan petani tentang penyakit tanaman cabai merah, keterbatasan waktu yang dimiliki petani, dan kurangnya jumlah pakar. Dalam mengatasi situasi ini, sistem pakar sangat dibutuhkan. Sistem pakar merupakan program berbasis pengetahuan, dengan sistem pakar dapat dengan mudah mendiagnosa penyakit yang menyerang cabai merah. Penelitian ini menerapkan metode Case Based Reasoning. Metode CBR merupakan metode yang membangun sistem dengan pengambilan keputusan dari kasus baru berdasarkan solusi dari kasus sebelumnya, menyelesaikan kasus baru dengan mengamati kasus lama yang terdekat dengan kasus baru. Sistem ini di bangun dengan 5 penyakit dengan 16 gejala yang memiliki bobot yang berbeda berdasarkan hasil penelitian. Dalam menguji kelayakan sistem dan menghindari kesalahan pada sistem, maka pada penelitian ini telah melakukan pengujian sistem dengan hasil pengujian sistem white box yang dilakukan menghasilkan nilai Cyclomatic Complexity 8, untuk pengujian sistem black box semuanya sesuai dengan tampilan pada sistem.Kata kunci: Sistem Pakar, Cabai Merah, CBR Abstract - The red chili plant is a type of fruit and plant in the genus Capsicum which is included in the vegetable commodity that is widely enjoyed by the people of Indonesia. Pohuwato Regency is one of the areas that are the main targets in the development of horticultural crops. However, in its development this commodity has several problems, one of which is pests and diseases. The main obstacle in diagnosing red chili disease is the lack of knowledge of farmers about red chili disease, the limited time farmers have, and the lack of experts. To overcome this, an expert system is needed. The expert system is a knowledge-based program, with the expert system being able to easily diagnose diseases that attack red chilies. This research uses Case Based Reasoning method. The CBR method is a method that builds a system by making decisions from new cases based on solutions from previous cases, solving new cases by observing the old cases that are closest to the new cases. This system is built with 5 diseases with 16 symptoms that have different weights based on the results of the study. In testing the feasibility of the system and avoiding errors in the system, this research has tested the system with the results of a white box system test that produces a value of Cyclomatic Complexity 8, for testing the black box system everything is in accordance with the appearance on the system.Keywords: Expert System, Red Chili, CBR

In the two decades following the creation of Pakistan,1 its government embarked on a lofty project to establish Muslim nationalism as both a binding factor for the country’s culturally different east and west halves, and as a liberating force for the emerging Third World. A major focus of this project was to build democratic institutions including parliament buildings, universities, education training centres and polytechnic institutes. However, Pakistan’s shortage of architects and the government’s Cold War bent toward the United States eventually led to requests for technical assistance from the US Agency for International Development and the Ford Foundation. Through these partnerships Pakistan secured consultancy services from leading European and American architects. This article focuses on the work of Constantinos A. Doxiadis, whose projects included education reform, a university campus, a master plan of Pakistan’s new capital, Islamabad and a controversial refugee settlement project. This article asserts that the treatment of architecture as a flexible armature that could blend regional symbolism, Islamic iconography and technological modernism was the common theme underpinning Doxiadis Associates’s work in Pakistan. The result can be considered a strategy to transform Pakistan’s overarching Muslim nationalism into a hybrid of postcolonial selfhood and newly anointed citizenship that was infused with the United States’s post-war reformation spirit.

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